It formed part of an England, Wales and Scotland series where more local research had already been done. In the 1837 preface, the editor noted that 'The numerous county histories, and local descriptions of cities, towns, and districts of England and Wales, rendered the publication of their former works, in comparison with the present, an easy task. The extreme paucity of such works, in relation to Ireland, imposed the necessity of greater assiduity in the personal survey, and proportionately increased the expense'.

The aim of the text was to give in 'a condensed form, a faithful and impartial description of each place'. Local contributors were given the proof sheets for final comment and revision. The names of places are those in use prior to the publication of the Ordnance Survey atlas in 1838. Distances are in Irish miles (the statute mile is 0.62 of an Irish mile).

The Dictionary was greatly assisted by the great British Parliamentary Papers series which was just then beginning to make an impact in terms of the data available for the study of Ireland. The census of 1831 was used as was the report into Ecclesiastical Revenue and Patronage, and Public Instruction. The national school system had commenced in 1831. When the editors of the Parliamentary Gazetteer (1845) set to work they had the benefit of the more accurate and more useful 1841 census together with agricultural and trade returns.

The Lewis Dictionary was and remains a significant achievement. A study of the Queen's County text will show also how its contributors drew on early surveys and compilations such as the Coote survey of agriculture in 1801 and some of the early travel guides but in the extent of its coverage and its detail it had no equal.

Its recent reprinting both in Ireland and America will again make it available to a wider public as will compilations by county for the benefit of local historical studies.

This version of the extracts for County Laois, otherwise known as Queen's County, from Lewis' Topographical Dictionary is reproduced here in facsimile. The spelling of surnames and places has not been changed. Occasionally, where deemed necessary, square brackets have been used to indicate insertions for this version.

The description of the county as a whole has been placed at the beginning of this work rather than under 'Q' where it is found in the 1837 edition. The survey of the county was the first of its kind leaving aside Coote's Statistical Survey of 1801 which was an agricultural survey carried out for the Royal Dublin Society. However, unlike the later Parliamentary Gazetteer (1845), Lewis did not include descriptions of the county's natural features such as bogs, mountains and rivers. Neither did it provide separate descriptions of the baronial divisions of the county which until 1898 were an important administrative sub-division. The Gazetteer was able to incorporate descriptions of the Poor Law Unions established after 1838. The description of the county as a whole drew on the earlier Lewis.

It must be noted, of course, that Samuel Lewis did not actually write the text but instead relied on the information provided by local contributors and on the earlier works published such as Coote's Statistical Survey (1801), Taylor and Skinner's Maps of the Road of Ireland (1777), Pigot's Trade Directory (1824), Archdall's Monasticon Hibernicum (1786) among other sources. He also used the various parliamentary reports and in particular the census of 1831 and the education returns of the 1820s and early 1830s.

It should be noted too, that the original Dictionary did not carry any illustrations save the map for each county in the atlas volume. For this version, some illustrations have been included drawn largely from studies of pre-Famine Ireland.

The Topographical Dictionary is one of many sources available for the study of Laois history.

TO THE PASSER-BY the small Midland town of Portarlington, straddling the River Barrow, might appear to offer little but some attractive Georgian houses, some good bars, and the sight of a turf burning power station. Yet it is a town with a very special history. Portarlington was a Huguenot town, settled by French Protestants after the Williamite wars, and such was their impact, that of all Huguenot colonies in Ireland, Portarlington’s remained the most distinct. When Portarlington recently commemorated its unusual origin, the first name signed in the visitors book was that of Champ (Fr—Field), descendant of the original soldier who took to a butcher’s trade in his exile.

The persecution of Protestants in France must be regarded as one of the most painful episodes in that country’s history. A brief period of tolerance was afforded in 1598 by the Edict of Nantes, but that was after a partic-ularly brutal series of wars culminating in the famous Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day, four hundred years to the day, before Portarlington’s commemoration. It is no over—simplification to say that France’s loss was Ireland’s gain. After Saint Bartholomew, but more especially after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 by Louis XIV, the Protestants of France were forced to flee their country which had deprived them of all liberty. The Huguenots not only offended the religious zeal of Louis XIV, but also offended his ideal of a united and uniformed French nation. They were clannish, prosperous, the merchants and tradesmen of the provincial towns, and evoked the same hatred as did the Jews in Weimar Germany. Yet, when the Huguenots fled, they brought their talents and professions with them and enriched the countries which offered them refuge.

Their arrival in Ireland was often through an indirect route. Many fled to Holland and there met up with the armies of William of Orange, and this King ‘of immortal memory found in their number two of his most able generals, Marshal Schomberg and the Marquis de Ruvigny. Both men played vital parts in William’s victory at the Boyne. ‘Voila vos persecuteurs!’ Schomberg is reported to have shouted at his troops on seeing the Irish armies of James II and their Catholic French officers. Although Ruvigny was killed at the Boyne his son inherited the King’s favour and his father’s regiments. And when peace came, what was to happen to these Frenchmen without a home? The English Parliament was embarrassed and annoyed at William’s frequent favours to Huguenot and Dutch, and so it was decided to settle the regiments in Ireland on confiscated Catholic land. Certainly Huguenots were already living in Ireland, and Saint Patrick’s Cathedral had laid aside a special chapel for them as early as 1666, but the early settlers were usually civilians. Portarlington in its early days was a settlement of the military, trying to eke out a living from pensions and holdings in the bog.

As early as 1666 Portarlington had been planted with English settlers on the Catholic land of the O’Dempseys, and indeed the new name evolved from that of its patron, Lord Arlington. A map of 1678 in the National Library shows a small fort with four streets radiating from a market square, a neat frontier town one might suppose. Yet the Williamite wars had wrecked the enterprise; the English had abandoned all to the Irish. Indeed the English were forever the minority. In 1700, after the French had arrived, their small number of five families was outnumbered by over sixty French.

The grant of Portarlington to the Marquis de Ruvigny after the previous owner, Sir Patrick Trant, had lost all for his Jacobite sins, was nevertheless a personal grant from King William to a friend. Such gifts angered the English Parliament which wished to sell off Irish land as payment for war debt, and the Act of Resumption was passed revoking all leases to tenants of the Marquis. This was strange treatment indeed in the eyes of the Huguenots who were very poor and had not yet fully settled to a life of peace and trade. A pamphleteer wrote in 1699:

I cannot but take notice of the deplorable condition of the poor French Protestants at Portarlington. It must be a very extraordinary hardship to people who have any bowels of compassion to see such a number of miserable people, who were a long time afflicted with severe persecution in their own country, to find such treatment in the country to which they fled for refuge….

Yet soon the colony found favour, and the leases made good in law. This was no doubt on account of the fact that the Protestant government of Ireland needed as many co--religionists as it could find to develop and govern the counties. It is one of those great historical ironies that the Huguenots, outlaws in France, should find themselves joined to the then establishment of Ireland within a matter of years.

The colony prospered, for the Huguenots were people of quality unlike other settlers who mainly wished for the privilege of land and the opportunity to live on the edges of the government writ. Small farms were cut out of the bog, houses in the French style were built and two churches endowed—a small one for the remaining English residents, and a larger one for the French. The beautifully written registers intact and in the present French church, were opened in 1694 and the first entry was a baptism, a son born to Francois Maire and his wife Françoise. The entries are all in French and so continued right up until 1816, and fortunately for us they are not simple bald entries, but are quite detailed. Most baptisms show the time of birth to within half an hour, the place of birth, and in the early entries, the home in France of the parents. Most of the fathers had important positions in the army such as ‘Marechal de Logis’ and ‘Escuyier Capitaine dans le Regiment de Churchil au service de Sa Majeste de la Grande Bretagne’. Indeed, from impressions of the early part of the Huguenot settlement, a picture is created of a closely knit community, living on past glories to some extent, with the old men sitting under the trees in the square wearing their scarlet cloaks and sipping tea. Tales of escape from France were handed down in families. Madame de Champagne reminded the readers of her ‘Journal’ that she fled with her family from La Rochelle in three empty wine casks in a consignment for Falmouth, and was tossed about for eight days in a Bay of Biscay storm.

The original church was Calvinist in approach, ‘a la forme ancienne de nos églises de France’ but gradually slipped into conformity, and a translation of the Church of Ireland prayer book was made for the congregation in 1702. Indeed, many Huguenots entered the ministry of the Church of Ireland and rose to quite high positions. A notable date for the Portarlington church was 1715, when a presentation of silver vessels was made for ‘L’Eglise françoise conformiste a Portarlington’ by Princess Caroline of Anspach, wife of the future George II. All these vessels, inscribed in French and bearing the royal shield with supporters, are still used at Holy Communion in the church. There were two silver gilt maces also made for the town, but one is lost, and the other is now in London.

Although many of the houses were refaced at the end of the eighteenth century, the courtyards, rear abutments show an unmistakable French influence. In present day Patrick Street, a few houses remain where there is just a door at the front, and the windows look on to the rear, the courtyard and the sunshine. Neat pavements, steep rooved houses surrounded by orchards of Jargonelle pears, some of which were growing not all that long ago, became notable features of the town. The names of their owners still show on the tombstones in the churchyard; names such as Franquefort, Des Voeux, Tabuteau, Blanc, La Combre and Champ. The last three are still extant.

At one time as many as sixteen schools offered an education in French and French manners to those families who could not afford to send their offspring to France itself. Amongst the pupils of Arlington school is reputed to have been the young Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington. I was told by an enthusiastic inhabitant that it was at the Huguenot schools of Portarlington where the Duke first grew to dislike the French, he did not have to wait for the Revolution. The English language was forbidden the children and so must have been very irksome to those not born in the privileged town.

Like the schools, the French influence has died out. Portarlington was a town of officers, a civilised town where culture and service or learning was more important than industry. A little lace, glass and linen was produced but the isolation of the town discouraged more. Obviously this lack of trade brought decline to Portarlington in the nineteenth century. The canals came too late and the patrons of the schools moved to England after the Act of Union, but too much has remained to be forgotten completely: the French registers up to 1816, the archi-tecture, the culture, the memory of being something special and rather beautiful in Ireland’s history.

In August, 1972, the town remembered Saint Bartholomew’s Day with an exhibition and lecture. A service of reconciliation for all faiths turned the lessons of history towards the future. The whole town was ‘en fête’ and in a shop someone was heard to say, ‘Eh alors, comment allez-vous?’

Reproduced courtesy of Ireland of the Welcomes
Vol. 23 no.3, May – June 1974

Up to its disfranchisement by the new Parliamentary Voters' Act in 1885 this was a Borough. It was in the unique position of being the smallest in the empire and at the same time a town that stood as it still stands in two counties. It is partly in the parish of Cloneyhurk and barony of Upper Philipstown, King's County, but chiefly in the parish of Lea, barony of Portnahinch, in the Queen's County, 10 miles S. E. of Philipstown and 44 from Dublin.

A mile from the town is one of the principal stations on the Great Southern and Western Railway. It is situated on the Barrow, near a branch of the Grand Canal, on the road from Parsonstown to Dublin. The main street which is long and pretty wide terminates in an irregular square with other streets diverging various ways, one going to the Canal at the brink of which is the spacious buildings of Arlington Grammar School. The other principal buildings are the Market House, the two Churches and Chapel. No less distinguished personages than the Duke of Wellington, and bis brother, the Marquis of Wellesley were educated here. It was formerly governed under a charter granted by Charles II. to Lord Arlington under its ancient name Coltodry. It was afterwards purchased by Sir P Trant, and having again reverted to the Crown was granted - by William III. to Rouvigny (a former General for Louis XIV.), who distinguished himself at the battle of Aughrim and where his regiment lost 144 men, under whom, as Earl of Galway, it became the home of numerous French and Flemish Hugenot Protestants.

The Dawson family of Emo take the title of Earl from the town which may be said to have been almost founded by those refugees. The first settlers consisted principally of retired French soldiers who had served under William in Ireland. Rouvigny's estates having been confiscated by the King of France, the new King of England to compensate him conferred upon him the outlawed Sir P Grant's confiscated estates of Portuagh and by his influence he induced large numbers of his fellow exiles to settle there, liberally assisting them out of his means in promoting industry. He built and endowed the French and English Church and two Schools. He was not, however, permitted to enjoy the newly acquired property. The appropriation was violently attacked in Parliament and a bill was passed annulling the grant, following which it was sold by Government Commissioners to the London Hollow Sword-blade Company. During the time, however, he was in possession he made over leases among his fellow colonists renewable for ever which were not disturbed, and some of them are still in force. He continued to serve his adopted Monarch, and fought at the siege of Badajos where he lost an arm; and in his later life he resided at Rookley near Southampton, and to the last taking a kindly interest in all that concerned Portarlington.

Among the early settlers were the Marquis de Paray, the Sieur de Hauteville, Louis le Blanc, Sieur de Pierce (we have still Pierces in Tullamore) Charles de Ponthieu, Capt d'Aluius, Abel Pelissier, David d'Arripe, Reuben de la Rouchefoucauld, the Sieur de la Boissere, Guyde la Blachiere De Bonneval, De Villier Fleury, Champagne, De Bostaquet Franquefort, Chateauneuf La Beaume, Montpeton du Lanquedoc, Vicomte de Laval, Pierre Goulin, Jean la Ferriere, De Gaudry, Jean Lafaurie, Abel de Ligonier, De Vignoles, the latter's family, we believe, being represented now by the Rev Charles Vignolles, formerly rector of Clonmacnois and now a dignitary of Kilkenny Cathedral. The greater number ot these gentlemen had served under the great Schomberg, and had been men of considerable property in their own Kingdom, though now contented to live on small allowances. When they arrived the town was then called Cootletoodra, and was but a collection of inferior huts, and until the Earl of Galway had better houses built they resided in the adjoining villages of Doolough, Monastereven, Cloneygown, and the ancient village of Lea. But it shortly became one of the model towns of the province, the dwellings being remarkably neat and comfortable. The farms and gardens, too, were patterns of useful management. New fruit trees were introduced, among others the black Italian Walnut and the Jargonelle Pear. The planter of those trees fought as an ensign at the Boyne. They also introduced the "espalier," and their fruit became widely celebrated. Flowers also were cultivated and their vegetables were very superior. Traditions are still extant of those military exiles sitting in groups in the market place sipping tea out of small China cups. The humbler new-comers carried on their several occupations. Thus the Fouberts manufactured linen; the Blancs, afterwards called Blong, transmitted the butchering trade down through their descendents for 150 years. The Micheaus, farmers on the Robillards French lands became farmers under the same landlords at Portarlington, one of which family was Sexton of the French Church within living memory. La Borde the mason, Capel the blacksmith, and Gautier the carpenter came from Bordeaux, and their handiwork, much of which still remains, bears traces of their artistic training. A congregation soon formed and a Church was erected in which a long succession of able ministers officiated, the last of whom was Charles de Vignolles, afterwards Dean of Ossory. Their service was conducted in French down to 1817, from which time that language had died out for common use. At one of the Schools the boys seem to have been clothed as well as educated as the memorandum of 1727 contains the entry "making six sutes of cloths for ye blewbois at 18 pce per sute." M Le Fevre, founder of the Charter Schools, was the first schoolmaster in Portarlington. The Bonnevaux and Persons were among the subsequent teachers, and many sons and daughters of the principal families of Ireland passed through their hands. Indeed Portarlington has been an old and distinguished seat of learning; and the town and district is to be felicited; for if Arlington has been closed, another school has been started, and the hope will be very general that its new Master, Dr. P. Brian MacDermott, LL.D., who comes from the North of Ireland as a teacher of much merit, will ere long have the Establishment in a position commensurate with his abilities.

Early the next day we left our little boycotted hotel at Tullamore, and proceeded to Kilbeggan, a drive of some eight miles. Our "turn out" would have afforded much amusement to some of our English friends, could they have seen us riding to our avocations that morning. The car, which looked like a large wine-case on wheels, was springless and sadly in need of a coat of paint; the horse was but a framework for a new edition, his tail being but a relic of the past, consisting of the stump and about half a dozen long hairs. Upon our remarking on the condition of the poor creature's caudal appendage, our jarvey exclaimed, "Shure yer honour, its a bit out of repair now, but its been a foine tail in its day." On nearing the bridge over the canal we came upon a crowd of persons evidently enjoying themselves, and remembering our experiences of the previous day, we bade our driver stop for a few minutes that we might witness the fun. To the music of a fiddle and a banjo, two Irish lads, regular "broths of boys," were dancing and shouting, and at times their movements were so infectious that some of the crowd joined in with them. An Irishman is always ready to fall into a jig, and the sound of music will generally set him off. Even our steed commenced prancing, and the six hairs in his tail were violently agitated, and kept swishing after the flies that, perhaps, were joining in the dance on his lean flanks. But we had business before us, and soon parted from the revellers, having first parted with some silver, being unable to refuse the blarney appeals of these rustic musicians.

After leaving Tullamore the road lay through a pastoral country, and linelywooded estates, Within three miles of Kilbeggan we came to Durrow Abbey, the seat of the Earl of Norbury, whose ancestor was the notorious hanging Irish judge of the same name. The late Earl was murdered in the Park, in the open day, by a yet undiscovered assassin, and since then the noble mansion has scarcely ever been inhabited by the family. We drove through the thickly wooded demesne, and soon came to the picturesque ruins of the Abbey, founded by St. Columb in 546, and the Church of Durrow, both of which adjoin the grounds of the mansion. They are situated in a most secluded spot, and the graveyard attached contains many ancient monuments, and a curiously sculptured cross, with scriptural devices thereon, which is supposed to have been brought from Iona by St. Columb, and is of a different kind of stone to any found in the neighbourhood. Near the church is a holy well dedicated to that saint. In 1186 Hugh de Lacey, while superintending the erection of a castle on the ruins of the Abbey, was killed by one of the labourers, a pious Catholic, who, indignant at the profanation of the sacred spot, struck off his master's head whilst he was stooping down to give directions.

We returned to the high road by another way, through the private grounds and along the edge of slopes, whose verdant soil was covered with the richest carpet of variegated mosses and wild flowers, canopied here and there with the spreading branches of luxuriant trees, everywhere inviting us to shelter and repose. You cannot travel many miles in this locality without passing some holy emblem or little chapel by the wayside, for the peasants hereabouts are fast and firm Catholics; and we have even seen, in some of the little hotels where we stayed, crucifixes and coloured pictures in the lobbies and passages.

A few miles further on we came to Kilbeggan, made interesting by Charles Lever, the novelist, who resided here, and many of the scenes and characters in his books are drawn from the district; notably "Con Cregan" and "Knight of Gwynne." The town is a famous and historic old place, situated about 45 miles from Dublin, on the coach road between that city and Galway. At the end of its main street, overlooking the Brusna Distillery, we came to the church, which stands in a picturesque graveyard crowded with curious old tombs. This ancient edifice occupies the site of a monastery founded by St. Becan, the contemporary of St. Columb, in the year 600; which, falling into decay, was rebuilt in the eleventh century by the family of Dalton, who dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin, and placed therein a band of Cistercian monks. After its dissolution, the monastery and its possessions were granted to the Lambart family, when a part of the monastery was enlarged, and a square tower added to it, and the building transformed into a parish church. As we descended the hill to the Distillery, our driver pointed out the place where, during the disturbances of '98, a party of the insurgents were defeated, after an obstinate resistance, by Colonel Blake, at the head of his Northumberland Militia; some of the rebels were hung in the town, and the others sent away as prisoners. The notable "Brothers Shears," who figured in the Dublin disturbances, and were afterwards executed at Newgate, came from Kilbeggan. Driving along, an extensive view presented itself: for several miles the valley of the Brosna displayed a very ocean of billowy hills, softly folded one upon another, with here and there plantations, pasture lands, and cultivated fields, through which the river flowed, looking like a silver ribbon-the whole a typical picture of the Emerald Isle. The Brosna is one of the feeders to the Grand Canal, a branch of which comes up to the town. We crossed this river, to reach the Distillery, by an old stone bridge, from the centre of which we obtained a good view of the establishment we had come to visit. In the Distillery grounds the river divides itself into two streams, forming a pretty little island of about an acre in extent, which has been utilized by one of the partners, and added to the grounds attached to his private residence.

A rustic bridge has been thrown across to the island, which is laid out in lawns, flower beds, and shady walks, and has in its centre a handsome stone fountain, always playing, supplied with water from the upper reaches of the river. Along the valley in olden times many smugglers were wont to locate, who gave a great deal of trouble to the Excise officers. At Mabrista, a secluded nook near the Distillery, formerly lived one "Mooney," who carried on his nefarious practices under the very nose of the revenue people. On one occasion a raid was about to be made upon him; Mooney, seeing in the distance the officers coming, called out to his wife to hide the three kegs of whisky in the garret. The ready-witted woman placed them in the middle of the floor, and then brought up her feather bed, which she ripped open, and completely covered the kegs. After searching all the rest of the house, the captain of the party entered the garret, and seeing nothing but a huge heap of feathers, called to his men that there was nothing in the d---d old cockloft but feathers, and it was useless to spoil their clothes by removing them.

The Brusna Distillery is said to be the oldest in Ireland, having been founded in the year 1750. It covers nearly five acres of ground, and the adjoining lands extending for half-a-mile on the river side, are also owned by John Edward and James H. Locke. Both these young men are practical distillers, and it is owing to their enterprise that the business has increased and the output been more than doubled during the last ten years. To do this they have, from time to time made considerable additions to the old work-adding new machinery and modern appliances, still retaining, where practicable, the ancient ones, so as not to interfere with their old-fashioned Pot Stills, Mashing Vessels, and method of drying malt. The establishment, which is entirely enclosed, has a frontage to the main road of 150 feet, and entered by an archway, the clerks' and Excise offices being built therein. It stands on the banks of the river from which it derives its name, and the water for both driving and mashing comes from that stream. There is such an abundant and continuous supply, that at the time of our visit Messrs. Locke & Co. were arranging to use it for an electric light power in the premises. Having plenty of time, we first rambled through the old place with the partners, and afterwards commenced our duties by inspecting the Maltings which are all built opposite the Distillery proper. They are light and well ventilated buildings of five floors, capable of holding 10,000 barrels of corn. When we were there the yard at the back was crowded with farmers' carts, laden with barley put up in home-made flax sacks of a primitive shape and nearly 6 feet in length. After inspection by the corn-buyer, the barley is hoisted to the different floors and there spread out to a depth of 3 feet, from whence, as required, it is made to fall through traps on to the Malting Floors below, each of which possesses a stone Steep. The firm make all their own malt, being of opinion that they can manufacture a finer quality than can be purchased.

We next ascended a staircase, and found ourselves on a level with the Kiln floors, both laid with wire cloth and heated by open furnaces. On leaving the Kilns, we entered the Dry Malt Stores, consisting of a three-storied stone building with slated roof, capable of storing 4,000 barrels; We then proceeded to the Raw Grain Warehouses, which will hold 15,000 barrels of barley, to which is attached a Drying Corn Kiln, floored with Worcester perforated tiles, which seem to be in great favour with the Irish distillers. After having seen all that was of interest on this side of the way, we resumed the path from which we had deviated when we left the Distillery and entered the Mill building, a solid looking structure, containing six pairs of Mill Stones and a powerful set of Malt Rollers. Following our guide, we came to the Grist Room, a lofty chamber, 130 feet long, to which the grist is delivered by elevators. Previous to reaching the Mash House, we inspected the Brewing Tanks, which are each fitted with attemperating coils, and placed at an elevation to command the Mash Tun. In the Brewing House we observed two Mash Tuns, each with a capacity of 12,000 gallons, fitted with a double-action stirring gear; the two Underbacks of timber which hold 5,000 gallons each, are placed on the paved floor of the house, and were made on the premises. Pursuing our investigations, we next visited the Tun Room, a large apartment, containing eight Washbacks, each holding from 10,000 to 14,000 gallons, also constructed by Messrs. Locke's workmen. After inspecting the Coolers, we crossed over to the Still House, a venerable building, whose outward appearance is altogether different from those we have recently visited. The first object which arrested our attention was the Wash Charger, a cast-iron vessel, placed on a gallery, holding 17,000 gallons; next the four old Pot Stills (by Miller & Co., Dublin), comprising a Wash Still, holding 10,320 gallons and 8,436 gallons; a Spirit Still, 6,170 gallons, and another 6,080 gallons. In these Stills are the revolving chains; we looked inside one that had served them for years, which was bright as a copper kettle. We have had frequent occasion to remark in the course of our lengthened tour that certain fads or customs were in use at some of the Distilleries, perhaps not very important in themselves, yet they give a character to the Whisky. Here, for instance, the same method of distillation is adopted that was used by the founders of the Distillery.

Proceeding up a few steps, we came to the Can-pit Room, situated at the rear of the Still House, which contains, besides the Safe, a Low-wines and Feints Charger, also a Feints and Spirit Receiver, holding respectively 8,000 and 4,000 gallons. Adjacent is the Spirit Store, containing the usual Spirit Vat and Casking apparatus; also a duty-paid Spirit Store, which usually contains from 25 to 30 puncheons of spirits of various ages to suit the requirements of local customers.

Passing through the quadrangle, we reached the two large Bonded Stores, excellent buildings, well ventilated, and which contained at the time of our visit over 2,000 casks of Whisky. A short distance from these Warehouses there is a large detached building, six stories high, which, until recently, was used for making the "patent oatmeal," but the increasing demand for their "make" led Messrs. Locke & Co. to abandon that business, and it is now used for Corn Stores.

Returning by another way, we passed the Spent Wash Tanks, one of them, a metal vessel, holding 14,000 gallons, erected by Ross and Walpole, of Dublin also two new Worm Tubs, by Strong and Sons, of Dublin; one of them is on a high stone archway, the other covers the roof of the Still House. Here also we saw the Boiler House, containing a Steam boiler, 32 feet long by 8 feet diameter, a Carpenters' Shop, Smithy', and Cask Shed. In the yard there is stabling for ten horses, a Cart Shed, and several cattle byres.

Seventy men are employed on the premises, the aged and infirm always being pensioned off or assisted. The make is "Old Pot Still," and principally sold in Dublin, England, and the Colonies. It is both a self and blending Whisky, and the annual output (1883-1886) was 137,200 gallons. The plant is, however, capable of making over 200,000 gallons.

Messrs. Reidy and Byrne are the chief Excise officers.

"POTEEN, GOOD LUCK TO YE, DEAR."
"They talk of the Romans of ould,
Whom, they say, in their own times were frisky;
But, trust me, to keep out the could,
The Romans at home here like whisky.
Shure, it warms both the head and the heart,
It's the soul of all readin' and writin',
It teaches both science and art,
And disposes for love or for fightin'.
Oh! poteen, good luck to ye, dear."

                          CHARLES LEVER

Chapter 1 - Ireland in the 18th Century

The Revolutionary War of 1689-91 ended in a complete victory not just for William of Orange but for the Protestant community. Many Protestants were critical of William’s administration because it was too tolerant. The prime objective of Irish Protestants having just escaped destruction was to secure their position for the future. The confiscations which followed the Revolutionary War meant that Catholics only held about 1/15th of all the land but this was not enough to quell their fears. It was an unpalatable fact that Protestants constituted a minority of the Irish population and many felt that the only way to secure their future was to destroy the power of the Catholic Church, confiscate Catholic land and deny Catholics all social and political authority. In their eyes Ireland was a Protestant Nation and much of what happened between 1691 and 1801 was based on that premise and the fears that went with it.

The Penal Laws are much embedded in Irish tradition and folklore. A series of laws were passed not just against Catholics but against all Dissenters including Protestant minority groups such as the Presbyterians in the north. It was felt that in a time of crisis Dissenters would still rally around because of their common fear of Catholics. The main purpose of the various Acts was to deprive Roman Catholics of all political influence. They were excluded from parliament, the army and militia, the civil service, the municipal corporations and the legal profession. They were forbidden to send their children abroad for education. The Penal Laws were really against the Catholic gentry and to lesser extent the Church. Land was the key to power and wealth and for this reason the Catholics were forbidden to acquire land by purchase, inheritance or gift etc. A Catholic had no power to leave land at will and if the eldest became a Protestant he would inherit it all. It was successful in that many landowners conformed in order to save their estates and political position. The Penal Law restrictions did not have any major effect on the majority of people because they were not considered as dangerous as the gentry.

Penal Laws and the Church

Religious persecution certainly was not uncommon on Europe and was mainly perpetrated by Catholic rulers in France and Spain but what was unusual in Ireland is that it was directed against the majority. The Penal Laws were intended to give security and power to the Protestant minority but enforcement depended on political circumstances at any given time. In a sense the Protestant community had every reason to fear the Catholic threat. The House of Stuart which did no favours for the majority of Irish Catholics, may have been defeated at the battle of the Boyne but the Pope continued to recognise their descendants as legitimate heirs to the English throne up to 1766. For this reason the Catholic clergy were considered disloyal to the Protestant king.

An Act of 1703 provided for the registration of all "popish priests" under pain of banishment and arising from this 1,089 priests were registered. It had the one positive effect only and that was it recognised the legal status of all registered priests. They had the right to say mass, administer the sacraments and the normal duties of the priest. The theory of it was that all Bishops were banished from the country under the Banishment Act 1697, therefore when the registered priests died off, there would be no more Catholic priests and without clergy all the Catholic people would turn to the Established Church.

In reality this did not occur and in truth there was no great political will to convert Catholics to the Established Church. What would the Gentry have done if millions of Catholics converted to Protestantism with all that entailed regarding property, political freedom, economically etc? However as many paid lip service to the conversion of Catholics, efforts were made by some to promote the Protestant interest e.g. through the Charter Schools. Many of the children were orphans or foundlings as Catholic parents would not give up their own. Around 50 schools were set up across the country but an Education report in 1825 showed that since the 1730s only about 12,745 were apprenticed in the schools and only 1,155 had received the £5 given to those who married Protestants. To put it in context the estimates of the population of Ireland in the 18th century vary from 2-2.5 million in 1700 rising to 4-5 million by 1800, so the impact of the schools like many other schemes was quite small.

International Politics

The attitude of the Government towards Catholics was determined much of the time by the international political situation. From 1702 - 1713 the War of the Spanish Succession took place and England was at war with Catholic France but on the other hand the Austrian Emperor was their ally and he was also Catholic, therefore the Government had to strike a balance. The Stuart Rebellion in Scotland in 1715 and the war with Spain in 1718 brought back the dreadful twin Protestant fear of the Jacobites and Papists and therefore severe implementation of the laws (other wars in the 1740’s and 1750’s had the same effect). In 1701 an Act was passed which denied the rights of James II’s son to the English throne. It was called the Oath of Abjuration and in 1708 following the sighting of the French fleet off the coast of Ireland, proclamations were issued to commit all popish priests to jail. Many had to go on the run and in 1709 the 1,089 registered priests were compelled to take the oath but only 33 did it and the Government found it impossible to impose. Thirteen priests were presented by the Grand Jury in Mullingar in 1711 for saying mass without taking the oath. Of the priests who had taken the oath, 9 were from Westmeath and the Grand Jury were trying to get the others to also comply with it.

The great image of the 18th century is of bishops and priests on the run and saying mass in fields, sheds and at rocks. While this was obviously true at various times but it was mainly confined to the first half of the century. There is also a traditional image of the priest hunters pursuing the clergy relentlessly but in many cases public opinion was against them on both the Catholic and Protestant side. They were in constant danger of losing their lives and there was a stigma attached which gained few friends. Arguably, a bigger threat to many bishops came from degraded clerics who switched to the other side and for a fee would provide the authorities with information.

Because in a sense the Catholic Church was totally independent of all Government and secular authority and operated on the run it grew strong and close to the ordinary people, unlike other countries where Catholicism was the state religion and the rulers constantly intervened in church matters. While the bishops were in exile, dioceses were administered by vicar generals who could carry out the functions of the bishops except for confirmation and ordination. A constant influx of priests from Catholic Colleges all over Europe ensured that the number of priests were maintained. Collections were taken up for the priests and the traditional offerings at funerals began at this time, although ordinary people had few resources especially as they had to pay tithes to the Church of Ireland.

The second half of the century saw the gradual easing of the laws and when the Pope no longer recognised the Stuarts in 1766 the Hanovers and Protestants generally felt less threatened by an invasion. Prayers were said for the King and Government in Catholic Chapels and bishops constantly reminded their flock to obey the laws of the Government. However the Penal Laws did teach ordinary people the need to defy the law to maintain their faith and by the 1790’s many of them were ready to defy their own church leaders when the need arose.

Affairs Of State

The Irish Parliament in the 18th century consisted of a House of Lords and a House of Commons. The House of Lords consisted of 22 spiritual peers (Church of Ireland) and the rest were lay peers. The House of Commons was composed of 300 members - two were returned by each of the 32 counties, two by 117 boroughs and by Trinity College, Dublin. The county franchise gave votes to 40/= freeholders - those who had land either leased on certain terms or owned outright worth at least 40/=. Many landlords tried to create freeholds falsely in order to control the votes but most centres had less than 4,000 votes. In the 57 corporation boroughs the franchise was confined to members of the corporation (mostly 13 in number). Some of the County boroughs like Dublin and Cork had larger numbers and on occasions there was some doubt as to who would be elected. However the basic point is that the Irish Parliament of the 18th century was not in any sense democratic or representative of the people. It was the preserve of a Protestant Ascendancy class and based on the exclusion of papists. The boroughs were totally rotten and controlled by the gentry e.g. Bannow in Wexford had no house and nothing but a pile of sea sand and in Harristown in Co Kildare there was "not one house and but one tree inhabiting." Westmeath County (Electorate 1,120) in 1783 had Athlone Corporation consisting of burgesses and 400-500 freemen (Patrons Sir Richard St. George and Dean Handcock); Fore Corporation with 13 burgesses (Patron the Earl of Westmeath); Kilbeggan Corporation with 13 burgesses (Patron Charles Lambart); and Mullingar Manor with freeholders of which 12 voted in 1783 (Patron Earl of Granard).

Between 1725 and 1793 Catholics and those married to Catholics could not vote. Elections were rare as one parliament lasted for the whole of George I’s reign and its successor went on for 33 years. The buying and selling of seats was very common. The main problem in running the country was that the executive and the legislature were separate. The Lord Lieutenant and his officials in Dublin Castle received their instructions from the English ministry. In the first half of the century he was an absentee who nominally came over at two year intervals to conduct parliamentary sessions but he was not dependent on parliament to approve policy. His job was to ensure that the policy which the English Administration wanted was pushed through and in order to win votes the Lord Lieutenant often pandered to the selfishness of the members of the Irish Parliament. Votes were gained by the granting of titles, places and pensions to the members and civil, military and ecclesiastical appointments to their relatives. By its nature trying to maintain a majority in such circumstances was extremely difficult for the Lord Lieutenant. As one Lord Lieutenant said "Most Irish gentlemen enter my closet with a P in their mouths - Place, Pension, Peerage, or Privy Council." This in one sense made many Irish M.P.s both independent and irresponsible as patriotism and the Irish interest were often used to gain further advantage from Dublin Castle. The situation only gradually improved from the Castle point of view when the Lord Lieutenant’s began to reside in Ireland from the time of Lord Townsend in the 1770s, which encouraged a system of more direct patronage by each Viceroy up to the Act of Union.

Economic Situation

One of the main features of the 18th century was that prior to the Rebellion of 1798 there was no real threat to the existing order for over a century but visitors to Ireland commented mainly on the poverty and poor living conditions. Part of the problem was the restriction on trade and Irish manufacture by the English Government following the Revolutionary War e.g. an Act in 1699 prohibited the export of wool to any country except England where there were heavy duties on Irish wool. One positive side of this was the gradual development of the Linen Industry which was encouraged by the English Administration. By the end of the 1720’s around ¼ of all exports were in the linen trade, however it was mainly confined to the north.

With a rapidly increasing population Ireland was still dependent on agriculture and beef was the only important agriculture export to grow in the early part of the century up to the 1730’s. Ireland suffered from the periodic famines (e.g. 1740-41) and failed harvests common to all countries. The real problem was the inefficiency of the agriculture system with absentee landlords who drew valuable resources from the land and put back very little in return and on the other hand tenant farmers had little security with poverty the normal condition of life. Tenants could get long leases up to 31 years but then it was often sublet again in order to get the rent to pay the landlord and their was little incentive to improve the land. The growth of the population with the encroachment of pasture on arable meant the sub-division of farms. Most families lived on potatoes and buttermilk in mud cabins and on a knife edge of threatened famine and fever as sanitary conditions were poor.

The 1730-50’s was a great period of road building which helped to increase the internal trade. They were built and maintained by Trustees and most were Turnpikes. The Trustees put up the capital and then took the tolls on the traffic. From the 1760’s they were built mainly by the Grand Jury in each county (the equivalent of the County Councils) The development of the canals towards the end of the 18th century also assisted in the expansion of flour milling, distilling and brewing on a larger scale and towns increased in size and importance. The problem was that most of the wealth went to the landlords and merchants. Agrarian crime became more widespread and serious in the latter part of the 18th century, most of it localised. The Whiteboy movement which originally arose due to land closures spread from Munster into Leinster and became the focus of many peasant grievances and the pre-cursor of the 19th century movements.

Political Situation from 1780’s

One of the problems for the Irish Parliament in the 18th century was that the English Parliament held the power to legislate for Ireland. Legislative bills could originate in the Irish Parliament as ‘ heads of bills’ but then had to be sent to the King’s Representative, the Lord Lieutenant for transmission to England for approval. It meant that ‘Irish interests’ (i.e. Protestant Ascendancy class interests) were totally dependent and subservient to English interests. The rise of Protestant leaders like Henry Grattan and Henry Flood as part of the ‘patriot’ movement seeking the right of the Irish Parliament to legislate for itself coincided with the formation of the Volunteer Movement.

The American War of Independence in the 1770’s with a major involvement by the French brought back the usual fears of invasion. Most troops had been withdrawn from Ireland and the Volunteers originated as a defence against foreign enemies and to secure domestic peace as there was no police force. They were first formed in Belfast in 1778 and all volunteers were Protestant, mainly well off merchants, tradesmen, and well off farmers led by officers from the nobility and gentry. Neither the Parliament nor the Volunteers were interested in the rights of Catholics as Grattan said on one occasion (when addressing Protestants!). " I love the Roman Catholic. I am a friend to his liberty but it is only inasmuch as his liberty is entirely consistent with your ascendancy ". When no French invasion came the Volunteers turned towards politics and in 1779 helped to win concessions with the removal of restrictions on Irish trade and by 1782 the delegates from the Volunteer Corps met in Dungannon and passed political resolutions drawn up by Flood and Grattan with the main assertion being the right of the Irish Parliament to legislate for itself. The same year the concession was won from the British Administration and from 1782-1800 the country was ruled by the so-called ‘Grattan’s Parliament’.

There was no desire to break the link with England and the independence of the Irish Parliament was more imaginary than real. The Rebellion of 1798 helped to seal its fate, leading to the legislative union of the two countries again in 1801. The Volunteers who had helped to support the Irish Parliament in their clashes with the English Authorities disintegrated on the issue of electoral reform (which did not include Catholics) as many Ulster Presbyterians who were part of the Volunteers received little for their efforts and support. From a peak in 1782 the Volunteer Movement went gradually into decline and by 1786 even Dublin Castle considered then harmless. In a return done for the whole country in 1784 there were only about 18,500 members (some of them Catholics). Some of the ideas manifested themselves and partly led to the rise of a new movement - the United Irishmen. The Protestant Dissenters began to realise that future reform had to enlist the help of the Catholic majority.

United Irishmen

The impact of the American and French Revolutions cannot be underestimated as the latter in particular produced a wave of interest in reform especially amongst Presbyterians in the north. However now the reformers were no longer interested in working within the system they wanted a more democratic state. The founding of the Society of United Irishmen on Belfast and Dublin in 1791 by Wolfe Tone was Protestant in origin and thought but ultimately its real importance was the alliance for the first time with Catholics in order to gain political rights for all. The alliance certainly brought alarm to the authorities leading to the Volunteers being suppressed and the United Irishmen harassed.

To ease the pressure the Catholic Relief Bill was passed in 1793 allowing Catholics to vote. However without the right to sit in parliament it was a false dawn. As attitudes on both sides hardened with the United Irishmen driven underground and the rise of the Orange Societies in the 1790’s, rebellion became the only means by which the reformers could change the system. The reformers were prepared to use violence at home and ally themselves with France or ant other allies. The United Irishmen were formed by a group of the middle class with the objectives of Parliamentary and Catholic Emancipation but after being driven underground in 1794 changed into a secret revolutionary organisation. The alliance between the mainly Presbyterian leaders of the United Irishmen and the Catholic led Defenders gave it a mass popularity that could appeal to visionaries and to those with less lofty aims.

Defenders

The Defenders originated in Co. Armagh in 1784 arising out of fierce competition for land in a densely populated area. They were organised as a defence against attacks by the Protestant Peep O’Day Boys who plundered Catholic houses in search of illegal arms. It was an organisation which used local grievances as part of an anti-Protestant, anti-State, and anti-English agenda but it was also a link between the less violent earlier movements and other more subversive organisations like the Whiteboys and Ribbonmen of the 19th century.

The exact nature and appeal of the organisation is difficult to define. Entry was by oath with pass words and signs of recognition. The movement blended traditional grievances over land rents, tithes, and taxes which appealed very much to the poorer Catholics classes with their anti-State ethos which was subversive and sectarian. There was also elements of the traditional Gaelic culture of deliverance from foreign rule and a gradual move towards seeking support from abroad in the shape of France. The authorities were never quite sure of their aims as the Freemans Journal printed in January 1793.

"In all other risings of the populace there was some avowed object or some general grievance to complain of. The Defenders and other tumultuary confederacies that derive from them on the contrary can or do allege none. One talks of paying no hearth tax, another of paying no tithes, a third of paying no rent for potato ground and some others shout out Liberty and Equality."

What started as a secret defence organisation for Catholics spread through Cavan, Monaghan, Louth, into Leinster. One major factor in the spread of the Defenders was the passing of the Militia Act in 1793. The militia were intended to be a domestic defence and peace keeping force who would replace the defiant Volunteer Organisation. It was organised by the local Protestant Gentry in each county and conscripts were mainly poorer class Catholics. The proposed compulsory service and a belief that they would be sent abroad led to a fierce and popular resistance. Riots took place all over the country and hundreds died. It only helped to entrench the widening gap between the Protestant Ascendancy class and the lower class Catholics. One effect was that many members of the Defenders were balloted into the various county militia forces and because they invariably did not operate in their own county were able to spread the movement into new areas.

As the state massed its resources and developed a tougher stance to stamp out the terrorism of the Defenders the organisation came to see the Protestant Ascendancy class as their enemy to be removed. The British Government policy of conciliation of the Catholics up to 1793 gave way to a tougher policy, under the Lord Lieutenant Camden, of no concessions and the development of a strong military force to enforce the law. The situation was aggravated even further by the founding of the Orange Order in September 1795 following the Battle of the Diamond in Co Armagh. Class hatred, sectarianism and religious discrimination were common long before this date but the specific formation of the Orange Lodges drove many Catholics into the arms of the Defenders and United Irishmen. The Defenders unlike the United Irishmen did not have a particular set of policies but they had a sophisticated network of lodges and unlike the United Irishmen it is practically impossible to recognise major leaders of the Defender Movement. Leaders of the United Irishmen like Henry Joy McCracken, James Hope, William Putnam McCabe etc travelled far and wide from 1795 in order to bring about an alliance with the Defenders and have as many as possible sworn as United Irishmen.

It was not a peasant movement and included teachers, weavers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. The gradual and ultimately logical orientation of the Defenders towards the United Irishmen gave both organisations a wider appeal and conviction that a rising with French aid was the only solution to their respective problems. What started out as a defence organisation had quickly gone on the attack with many raids on the gentry and magistrates between 1795-1798 in an attempt to gain arms. Now they were preparing for an armed Insurrection.

1798 Rebellion in Ireland

The United Irishmen struck terror into the heart of the authorities but by early 1798 the movement was collapsing as the authorities through spies collected much information on the leaders and their plans. The Government repression, lack of French aid and finally the arrest of many of its leaders prior to the Rebellion guaranteed failure. On the eve of the Rebellion the Leinster Executive was arrested and also Lord Edward Fitzgerald, the Sheares etc. while Wolfe Tone was in France trying to raise an expedition. The Rebellion began on the night of 23-24th May 1798 and basically was over in 4 months.

The insurgents had two great disadvantages going into battle. They were badly armed and discipline and training was not great without proper leadership. The United Irishmen were organised on a military basis by Lord Edward Fitzgerald. They were formed into companies for a district and a larger group or corps made up of companies over a wider area. The normal title of the officer was Captain and they were appointed by popular election. John McManus was the leader in the Kilbeggan area covering other places like Castletown, Streamstown, Horseleap etc. The force which assembled in Kilbeggan (without McManus) was divided into bands of 60-100 men headed by an officer and moving in regular order. The problem was that in the heat of battle it was difficult to maintain discipline against trained troops.

The military force in Ireland at the outbreak of the rising was over 76,000 - consisting of regulars, militia, and yeomanry. Fencibles were regular soldiers not used for overseas service and only for the duration of hostilities and they had been raised since 1794. Their discipline was poor at times. The militia were first raised in 1793 and it was an infantry force consisting mainly of Catholics but with a Protestant officer. There were around 24,000 in the militia and the authorities feared that they would desert to the United Irishmen but on the balance of evidence this did not happen and they fought well for the authorities. There was no doubt about the loyalty of the yeomen because the majority of them were Protestant. They had a great interest in defending their own position, often local and personal, coloured with a mixture of fear and dislike of the threat of the Catholics. They were in many ways a partisan police force and not soldiers. While they played a major role in defending the Administration, without the regular army they would not have been able to put down the rebellion. The critical factor in the war was that the government forces had artillery which proved crucial on a number of occasions and obviously discipline and training was better than the rebels.

Towards the end of May the rebellion broke out in counties close to Dublin i.e. Kildare, Meath, Wicklow, and Carlow. The insurgents had some success with the capture of Kildare, Prosperous, and Rathangan but defeats at the Hill of Tara on 26th May and the retaking of Rathangan by the use of artillery ended any real prospect of success for the rebels in Kildare although the county remained disturbed up to and after the conflict at Ovidstown on 19th June. Between the months of May and September approximately 50 battles or skirmishes took place stretching from Antrim & Down to Wexford. In the north the Rebellion was mainly carried out by Presbyterians carrying pikes and muskets but it was put down within a week. Westmeath in spite of being one of the more active and agitated counties the year before the rebellion did not rise except for Kilbeggan on 18th June and later in the year at Wilson’s Hospital (6th September). When 1798 is spoken of only one county immediately comes to mind as the songs and folklore commemorates Vinegar Hill, brave Fr.Murphy etc. Within a comparatively short time successes at Oulart, Enniscorthy, and Wexford gave the insurgents control of the county but unfortunately they could not break out of the county to link up with others.

The gradual concentration of superior forces and artillery on Wexford led to the crucial conflict at Vinegar Hill on 21st June when the rebels were defeated. The conflict in Leinster continued in a series of skirmishes in Wexford, Wicklow, and later Longford into September. Why was the conflict in Wexford on such a large scale compared to the rest of the country? Contemporaries were shocked at the furious eruption of war and blind sectarianism of the time. However the explanation of poor peasants being led by priests in a religious rising fuelled by a resentment of Protestant military rule without any of the principles of the United Irishmen is not satisfactory. The same could equally apply to other areas of Ireland. There is evidence that many parts of Wexford were politicised and well organised before the rebellion and it is more likely that a mixture of this and local issues that made the scale of the conflict greater in Wexford than elsewhere. In late August 1798 the French arrived in the west of Ireland and initially General Humbert defeated the government forces at Castlebar but Cornwallis who was Viceroy organised a force against them and by 8th September they had surrendered at Ballinamuck, Co Longford.

The significance of the 1798 Rebellion was that on the one hand the Protestant Ascendancy and the British Government were alarmed and it helped to confirm the belief that a legislative union with Britain was the best solution from a security and police point of view. On the other side it was the start of a revolutionary and nationalist tradition in Irish politics which lasts up to this day in various forms. The 1798 Rebellion brought about the Act of Union with Britain in 1801 but it also laid the groundwork for a tradition that was to break that union in the 20th century.

Chapter 2 - Kilbeggan in the 18th Century

An Act of Parliament in 1542 created the county of Westmeath and within the county the Barony of Moycashel was effectively created in 1571 by the appointment of Ross McGeoghegan to the seneschal of Ceneal Fhiachrach or McGeoghegan country which was to be named the Barony of Moycashel. The barony takes in many surrounding areas from Horseleap, Streamstown, Castletown, Ballinagore, to Rahugh, Durrow etc. In the context of events in Kilbeggan up to 1798 it is necessary to take in the general area of the barony and also the parts of the barony of Fertullagh close to the Kilbeggan Parish. The men who marched into Kilbeggan in June 1798 came from many of the surrounding areas and not just the immediate vacinity of the town.

Penal Laws and the Kilbeggan Area

During the period 1690-1779 six parish priests ministered in the parish. It is difficult to get good records of this period but the Protestant Bishop Dopping during his visitations between 1682/85 mentioned that there was a Popish schoolmaster Garrett O’Reilly in Kilbeggan. There is some information regarding the landowners in the census of 1659 and occupiers of houses and lands in 1682 (Appendix). A century later there were six schools in the town. He mentioned about 40-50 Protestants in the town. John Daly was Abbot and Parish Priest of Kilbeggan in 1690 and in 1704 Anthony Mitchell was registered in Mullingar as Popish Priest of Kilbeggan. He was ordained at Valentia in Spain by John Salizares, Bishop of Valentia. He had for sureties in accordance with penal statutes Hugh Flanagan of Horseleap and Denis Brown of Hopestown. In the same year Anthony Coghlan was registered as Parish Priest of Castlepost and Rahugh now part of the Kilbeggan parish. Of the priests who refused to take the Oath of Abjuration the Westmeath priests seemed to have achieved the greatest notoriety. Anthony Coghlan was one of those who took the oath and with so many refusing to take it those that did were held in contempt by their parishioners. It is probable that they only agreed to do it in order to attend their pastoral duties in peace but unfortunately for them it misfired.

Another priest from the Barony of Moycashel James Dillon had proceedings taken against him in 1714 because although he had registered he had not taken the oath. In the same year in near-by Fertullagh William Warren an unregistered priest had a warrant issued against him by Mr Rochfort, Mr Birtles, and Mr Handcock. It is clear that life was difficult for clergy in all areas during the first half of the century in particular. Even as late as 1742 Luke Tyrell was convicted at Mullingar Assizes of being an unregistered priest and ordered for transportation (31st August 1742). His main offence was that he was said to have carried away and seduced to the Popish religion a Protestant woman Jane Morley. Included amongst the bill of costs was an item " a man and two horses to Dublin in pursuit of Tyrell ". He was convicted and transported. The situation gradually changed over the century and when Thomas Dunne P.P. died a monument was erected with an inscription which included " In testimony of the respect and esteem which the Roman Catholics and Protestant inhabitants had for Rev. Thomas Dunne.......". He had studied in Salamanca and was parish priest from 1779 to the early 1800’s, earning the respect of all. Strangely Westmeath county aside from Dublin city had the highest number of people outlawed for high treason arising out of the Williamite Confiscations i.e. 304 people including landowners, their sons, tenants, traders etc.

According to tradition mass was celebrated in the 18th century at Balrath cross-roads where great numbers attended and some had to keep a vigil during ceremonies, also at Cruckanvara, Comagh Hill, Barley Hill on the banks of the Brosna, Ballinderry and many more. One priest captured at Comagh was executed at a place called the " Murdering Boreen".There is also a tradition of an old underground passage from the Cistercian Monastery (near the graveyard) to St Columcilles abbey in Durrow which was in the past used as a hiding place by hundreds of priests. There are many stories about priest hunters in the area including the notorious Barry Low and the Fionules. The Lows are said to have persecuted, imprisoned and hanged a number of priests. One extract from a song includes the lines

" Barry Lowe you all do know,

He was very ill inclined,

He dirtied on the altar,

And the devil knocked him blind"

This supposedly arose out of an incident involving Fr. Dillon, who was captured by the Lows at Shureen near Kilbeggan. He had him cuffed and brought to Newtown the home of the Lows and then tied to his horse and dragged to Mullingar Jail. The folklore has it that he was asked to liberate the priest and he answered " May the devil blind me if I do ". With that he was apparently struck blind for a short time. A common phrase in Westmeath for many years was "You are as blind as Barry Low."

Kilbeggan was once described as a town of battles and raids in the past and churches and chapels always seemed to suffer. The Cistercian Abbey founded in 1150 was the subject of many attacks and raids until its dissolution in 1539 when all its "goods and chattels" were taken by the King’s cohorts. In the 1640s an internal dispute within the Irish forces camped in Kilbeggan almost ended in the Catholic church being blown apart as Owen Roe O’Neill ordered the artillery to draw up and fire on the church but happily it was saved. During the 1798 rebellion the yeomanry on several occasions seemed likely to set fire to the chapel with the congregation in it

Protestant Church

A Protestant report of 1733 states with regard to Kilbeggan that there were 34 church families, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Anabaptist, and 130 popish. There was also a parish priest and a mass house. The Protestant Church was built in 1764 and part of it still remains.The church grounds consisted of a relic bawn of 2 roods and 2 perches, churchyard 2 roods 25 perches, and around 2/3rds of the church lane was tilled. The number of Protestant households seemed to increase into the 19th century. In 1808 there were 40 households which increased to 49 in 1813 (102 male and 103 female) and by 1818 it was 54 households. In 1834 there were 5,104 Catholics, 155 Protestants, and 14 Dissenters in the parish. It is interesting looking at some of the expenses of the Protestant Church on 7th April 1765 - the shopkeeper,innkeeper, and ale seller got 1d each; the shoemaker, wigmaker, butcher, clothier got 6d each; and the smith, tailor, cooper, hatter, and hucksters 3d each. It showed the wide variety of activities in a self contained town. They benefited from gifts from the Lambart family including the church silver. John Elrington who was minister from 1764 - 1801 was called as a character witness for John McManus at his trial in 1798 probably at the instigation of Matthias McManus (father of John) who was a prominent Distiller at the time. It was an indication of the generally good relationship between the Protestants and the Catholics in the Kilbeggan area. In the 1790’s Dr Plunkett the Catholic Bishop spoke out very strongly against United Irishmen and Defenders on his confirmation visits to the town.

One factor that did create some tension between the various religious and social groups prior to the 1798 rebellion was that arising out of the Williamite Confiscations the Protestant Ascendancy were dominant in the near-by Newtown- Tyrellspass region (even in the time of O’Connell, Tyrellspass was described as a Protestant town) with families like the Lowes, Rochforts, and Pilkingtons, whereas Kilbeggan aside from the Lambarts did not have big landowners. It was a trading and market town more open to outside influences than most towns in the midlands and less restricted by powerful Protestant landlords.

John Wesley

He founded the religious movement Methodism with his brother Charles and between 1747-1789 he visited Ireland on many occasions. There is no account of a meeting in Kilbeggan town but he spent much of his time with Samuel Handy of Coolalough House near Kilbeggan. He preached there on a regular basis and the house became a centre of Methodist influence in Ireland. There was a large congregation in Kilbeggan when a preacher visited in 1794 and even in 1837 there was a community in the town. The l and members of the Methodist community were to play some part in the events of 1798 as part of the yeomanry.

Parliamentary Representatives

One of the most notable of the Elizabethan Protestant settlers was Sir Oliver Lambart. He was an officer in the army of Essex and is mentioned in a decree of Elizabeth I as a gentleman of good credit and a nephew of Sir Henry Wallop Her Majesty’s Vice-Treasurer in Ireland. He was one of Mountjoy’s leading officers in the war against the Earl of Tyrone. On 19th July 1601 he was made Governor of Connaught and after much success was granted huge tracts of lands in the Kilbeggan area including the monastery grounds. He received about 700 acres of land, 60 houses and gardens and the rents and church tithes of 26 townslands. Kilbeggan was made a borough town by charter of James I in 1612. Lambart also obtained a weekly market for the town in 1606.The corporation according to the charter was styled "The portreeve, free burgesses, and commonalty of the borough of Kilbeggan, and consists of one portreeve who was a magistrate, 12 burgesses and an unlimited number of freemen." (Robert Tent, Burgermaster or Provost; Sir Oliver Lambart,Edward Warren, James Large, Thomas Alford, Richard Daniell, John Addys, Robert Lambart, John Mason, John Jones, Henry Dixon, John Smith, and John Boucher). The freedom was obtained by the favour of the portreeve and burgesses. A Borough Court of Record for the recovery of debts not exceeding 5 marks was still held in the 19th century and also a Court of Petty sessions every Saturday in which the Portreeve occasionally presided with the Magistrate. The position of the corporation remained the same down the years but the main power was in the hands of the Lambarts. Oliver Lambart represented Cavan in 1614 and he was elevated to the peerage as Lord Lambart, Baron of Cavan in 1617 before his death in 1618.

He was an able officer not particularly liked or trusted by the Irish as he was over zealous. At an election in Cavan he cracked the head of a hostile voter who had no hat on at the time. The Lambarts either represented or controlled representatives for Kilbeggan right up to the Act of Union when Gustavus Lambart sold his vote. His heir Charles was advanced to Earl of Cavan and Viscount of Kilcoursey in 1647. The family had mortgaged much of their property in Cavan and Westmeath even prior to the 1641 rebellion. Events in the rebellion did not help as in 1642 he was robbed of his cattle, sheep, corn, and equipment in Kilbeggan. His house, the church and mills were all damaged or burned. The family were always part of the establishment e.g. another Oliver Lambart is found in an address to King Charles II in 1683 and Charles and Oliver Lambart were commissioners in 1695, 1697, and 1698 for Meath and Westmeath for raising a supply for William of Orange against James II. In the "Patriot Parliament" summoned by James II in 1689 the borough was represented by Brian and Charles Geoghegan but the success of William of Orange was to see the downfall of this great family in terms of representing Kilbeggan and in many other ways

The list of Parliamentary representatives in the 18th century were:-

Charles Lambart and Patrick Fox - 1703-1713

Brabazon Newcomen and John Preston in 1713 (Preston was also a knight of the shrine for Co Meath and put in a writ for a replacement for the Kilbeggan borough in 1713. He was replaced by G.Fitzherbert)

Charles Lambart and Brabazon Newcomen 1715-1727

Charles Lambart Sn. 1727-52

Charles Lambart Jn. 1727-41

Gustavus Lambart 1727-75

Hamilton Lambart 1752-61

Thomas Tipping 1761-69

Charles Lambart 1769-84

Sir Robert Johnston 1776-84

John Philpott Curran and Henry Flood 1784-91

Thomas Burgh and William Sherlock ) 1791-98

Gustavus Lambart and Sir Francis Hopkins 1798-1800

The contribution of the Lambarts in parliament was highly questionable. In 1746 Lord Chesterfield described three peers including the 5th Earl of Cavan as having "nothing of their own . . . . . and part of the furniture of this House of Lords, which, if his majesty thinks proper to put in a little better repair, he will at the same time do a real act of compassion." References to the Lambarts within Parliament were few and far between. Richard,Earl of Cavan was receiving a pension of £800 in 1780 and Elizabeth, wife of Charles was receiving a military pension of £300 in 1777. One of the more unusual references was on 23rd November 1753 when a complaint was made that " Doctor Francis Andrews did in a violent manner insult Gustavus Lambart Esq this morning at the door of the house". Four days later Dr Andrews in the custody of the sergeant at arms expressed his sorrow for his offence and begged the pardon of the house and prayed to be discharged. Gustavus Lambart received leave on several occasions to go to the country e.g. in 1756 "upon extraordinary occasions" and in 1759 he was granted "leave at his own request to waive his privilege in a suit between him and Richard Hamilton (a burgess)". In July 1743 the Earl of Cavan had put the great and small tithes of the parish of Kilbeggan up to be sold to the highest bidder. The Earls of Cavan were much of the time resident in Dublin and even in January 1759 when lands were being let at Forduras (tenants John Berney and John Harris) and Augheraminagh (tenant councillor Low), Kilbeggan, application had to be made to His Lordship’s home in Dublin. The Lambarts generally voted for Government with the reward of pensions and certain posts as compensation.

In June 1772 Charles Lambart was appointed Collector of Excise for Sir Edward Newenham from whom the appointment had been withdrawn. However in March 1785 "in the accounts of all debts due to his majesty by officers of his majesty’s revenue who have died or being dismissed from his majesty’s revenue between 25th March 1782-25th March 1783 " the name of Charles Lambart appears as follows:-

Because of their position they were always welcomed by the gentry in the area e.g. in July 1754 when two new burgesses Richard Hamilton and William Midgeig were elected Gustavus Lambart was present. It was his first appearance in the corporation of Kilbeggan since the rising of Parliament. It was said that he was " paid all the compliments due to him by the gentlemen of the county and the night concluded with drinking loyal toasts, bonfires, illuminations, and ringing of bells". It is not often that we get a hint of how the gentry entertained themselves in the midlands in the 18th century aside from hunting and shooting. Many years later in 1786 Sir James Nugent constructed a balloon at Donore with the intention of sending a cat, a dog, and other animals up in it. I am sure the launch was attended by local gentry like the Lambarts but there was no explanation as to how the poor unfortunate animals were to get down again!

When Lord Townsend became Viceroy he took every opportunity to win over supporters by flattering, obliging, or threatening them. Every connection would be strained and stretched to influence doubtful members and improve the castles numbers.(The Lambarts were always likely candidates for this type of pressure!). On 14th February 1771 he wrote to his mother

"There was a Mr Charles Lambart, a son of a very worthy gentleman Mr Gustavus Lambart of Beauparc who is on the point of marrying a relation of yours, Miss Dutton. It may be difficult at such a time to persuade a young lady to part with her lover but if your ladyship pleases to hint how much it may coincide with my wishes to Mr Lambart’s family as well as for the Kings Service here at so critical a time in the first day of session, it may be of use."

It is a good indication of the workings of the Irish Parliament in the 18th century. Not even true love good stand in the way of political needs!

Like many other landowning families through the 18th century the Lambarts had to for financial reasons associate with many of those who founded their fortune on trade e.g. Sir Michael Cromie MP for Ballyshannon was the son of a Dublin wine merchant and he married Lady Gertrude Lambart daughter and heiress of the Earl of Cavan. Cromie was made a baronet in 1776. Finance was always a problem for the Lambarts and in March 1796 we find a letter addressed to Arthur O’Connor (a key figure in 1798) from C.J.Fox,Fitzroy Square.

"Sir, -I received some days ago an answer to Mr Lambart who says it is his intention to re-negotiate only for one seat and that in respect to that one he is at present in Treaty with two persons but if he should not close with them he is willing that you should have it if the terms suit you. They are £3,000 Irish to be paid down and he is to pay the interest till the day of the return. I suppose he means until the return is made secure against a Petition."

The ultimate price for the seat was paid with the passing of the Act of Union in 1801. Gustavus Lambart sold his vote for £15,000. The family were typical of the Protestant gentry of the 18th century - protective of themselves and their own class before any other considerations e.g. Gustavus Lambart was one of the Grand Jury members who generously voted a service of plate to the Wicklow Militia led by the murderous Hempenstall " The Walking Gallows" and all at the expense of the taxpayers.

Contribution to Kilbeggan

The Earls of Cavan never lived at Beauparc House which was in their ownership from the mid-18th century up to 1986 when Lord Henry Mountcharles, Slane Castle took it over. Gustavus William Lambart married Lady Francis Caroline Maria Conygham in 1847. She was the daughter of the 2nd Marquess Conygham. As usual the Lambarts were in financial difficulties at the that time and the 2nd Marquess gave the house to her daughter and son-in-law. The house was the home of many of the Lambart’s but they did live in Kilbeggan for generations. They had a house on the Tullamore Road on the hill of the grove near the water tower and there were two gate houses around the first house on St James Terrace. The entrance was said to be beside Clavin’s on Main Street where the archway stands with a gate lodge on one side and a bit back from the street.

The impression given of the Lambart’s up to this point would infer that they contributed little to the Kilbeggan District but in fact that would be unfair. On the one hand the Protestant community were well supported by the family as the parish and church benefited from their gifts. They contributed to the building of the last Protestant Church in 1764 and to much of the church silver even prior to that e.g. a flagon was given by Charles Lambart to the Church in 1754 and he gave an alms dish in 1768. Of more practical benefit to the general population was the development of the roads and the weekly market which was one of the largest in the midlands and also the annual fair. Gustavus Lambart paid much of the costs of the Market House built in 1828 by Patrick Phylan and still one of the most striking buildings in the town. They also gave strong support to the suggestion of a branch of the Grand Canal coming to Kilbeggan, first explored in 1796 and ultimately achieved in the 1830s.

There is no real tradition of antipathy towards the Lambarts as there would be towards some other families in Westmeath like the Rochforts, partly because they moved out of the area and worked through agents. There is a tradition that on one occasion some of the people decided to burn out Gustavus Lambart. They went up to the house and set it alight. A loyal servant of the family got him out in a feather tick. He was described as a small wizened man. Paddy Phylan in his recollections of his grandfather’s time (1766-1859) mentions in connection with the Lambarts that there was an election and as his grandfather was a 40/= freeholder he had a vote. Lambart wanted him to vote for a Protestant landlord connected with the family who were living in Kilbeggan at the time. His grandfather had a plural vote and intended it for the nationalist candidate. Lambart asked him to "Split your vote and I’ll forgive you" but he refused and Lambart said "Paddy, you are the only tenant on the estate that a Lambart stopped with" (that would have been his great grandfather Mattie). He refused and Lambart said "If you don’t split your vote, I won’t leave you two rafters on my estate to cover you." His grandfather managed to survive the threat.

Even though Gustavus Lambart represented the borough of Kilbeggan in 1798 there is no record of any comments by him regarding events at the time. Presumably he had little enough contact with Kilbeggan during this period. Like many Protestants in the area their general feelings outside the heat of a rebellion was expressed some years later at the setting up of the Tyrellspass Brunswick Constitutional Club on 27th October 1828. The purpose of the Club was to protect the integrity of the Protestant Constitution. Gustavus Lambart was in the Chair and said the motto of the Club was not " Blood much blood " as was attributed to them but "Peace and good will to all." He wished that "every Roman Catholic enjoy the comforts of his own fireside with his religion and his property protected from loss and insult and that he should enjoy every privilege that would not endanger the safety of the Protestant religion and our free constitution." He added that we should hesitate to give further concessions to Catholics but " however irritating their conduct has been.....we profess to conduct ourselves with kindness towards them and avoid all reasonable cause of offence". While the Brunswick club of Tyrellspass represented something totally different from the Catholics of the area the sentiments were probably fairly close to the general attitude of the Lambart family in 18th century Kilbeggan.

The same could not be said of another member of the family as the Rev. George Lambart of Beauparc contributed much valuable information to the authorities in Co. Meath regarding the Defenders and United Irishmen. (* Appendix)

Other Kilbeggan Representatives

We know little about some of the other parliamentary representatives as the Lambarts controlled the borough e.g. Oliver Lambart who represented Kilbeggan in 1661 was married four times and one of his daughters Arabella married into the Newcomen family which explains Brabazon Newcomen’s position as an M.P..

William Sherlock of Sherlockstown and Thomas Burgh of Chapelizod were both from Kildare families and connections with Kilbeggan were tenuous. Burgh represented Kilbeggan for seven years. He was a man of great ability (he even invented cooking stoves used in the Militia Camp at Loughlinstown in Dublin). He was Joint Weigh Master of Cork. Treasurer of the Ordinance and Comptroller General but he had an arrogant and overbearing manner and in 1780 the following lines were found posted up in Parliament House.

" To put an end to all dissention,

Let needy Grattan have a pension,

Buck’s Usher on the Bench be seated,

And Bushe a baronet created,

Aspiring Burgh be made a lord,

And Napper Tandy have a cord "

In 1799 Burgh who lived in Sackville Street was removed from his position in the Treasury to one in the Board of Accounts. Burgh when representing Kilbeggan and acting as Accountant General appeared in the house on 8th February 1791 to set forth a petition that he had been at great expense and trouble in preparing national accounts laid before the house and " praying reward". He was brought into parliament through the Duke of Leinster’s influence but opposed his patrons wishes by constantly voting for Government. He did not seek re-election after the Union but continued as Commissioner of Accounts until 1804 and in 1807 he was made Commissioner of Revenue. He died in 1810.

Thomas Tipping from Louth was an interesting representative. The election in Louth in 1761 was most unusual in that the selling of boroughs was long practised. Messrs Fortescue, Foster, and Thomas Tipping came to an agreement to deposit £400 each and agreed that Fortescue would be one member and that Foster and Tipping should toss up to see which of them would get the other. The loser was to get the £1,200 to purchase a seat in another borough. The toss was made and Foster won it. The whole arrangement caused controversy but ultimately Foster and Fortescue were returned unopposed. They failed to keep their side of the bargain and feelings in Louth ran so high that for a few years no sherriffs or grand jurymen were elected. Shortly after his withdrawal from the election in 1761 Tipping was returned for the borough of Kilbeggan, presumably by purchase but who provided the money is not known. Tipping had lands at Gneevebeg, Moycashel formerly held by Kedagh McGeoghegan. The mill and dwelling house were destroyed by fire in 1753 and a reward of £50 was put up for the culprit.

Sir Francis Hopkins was another parliamentary representative of note and at one point he had pretensions to liberalism. In 1792-93 a Society was found in Dublin called Friends of the Constitution, Liberty, and Peace. They had Whig sympathies and a radical programme of reform of Parliament and Catholic Emancipation. There was a branch formed in Trim in January 1793 which included well known figures like Sir Benjamin Chapman, Joseph McVeigh, and former sheriff Sir James Somerville, in addition to Hopkins. The appearance of the Defenders in the county and the outrages stunted the growth of this liberal organisation. At around the same time another organisation called the Meath Association had also arisen under the influence of John Foster, a major political figure and landowner in Meath who was anti-Catholic. Foster had advocated in 1793 that regulations which forbade Catholics to carry arms should be rigorously enforced. Hopkins, Chapman and the others all contributed to the Meath Association. His brief flirtation with liberalism over Hopkins represented the Kilbeggan area in the years before the Rebellion and Act of Union but he made no impression in Parliament. Eventually, he was prevailed upon to take money and let in a Unionist. He was no worse than some other local representatives e.g. William Handcock of Athlone of whom Jonah Barrington said that he made and sang songs against the Union in 1799 at a public dinner of the opposition. Then in 1800 he made and sang songs in favour of the Union, all for a title and money. In 1812 he took the title Baron Castlemaine. The extremes from limited ambition to corruption came home to roost by the end of the 18th century.

Henry Flood

The two most notable representatives of Kilbeggan in the 18th century were John Phillpott Curran and Henry Flood, two of the most important figures to bestride the century.

Flood was one of the most eminent and talented members of the House of Commons and with Henry Grattan played a major part in winning legislative independence for Ireland in 1782. He was born in 1732 in Kilkenny and studied in Trinity College and Oxford. He first represented Kilkenny in 1759 and was a vigorous speaker and antagonist against the Government. In 1775 to the surprise of many he took a position in Government as Vice Treasurer of Ireland apparently in the belief that he could achieve more in Government than outside, while Grattan lead the "patriots" in opposition. Flood discovered that he was expected to support Government in all votes and after about six years he joined Grattan and the others to gain the great success of 1783.

In 1783 he drew up a scheme of parliamentary reform and still dressed in his uniform led a Volunteer Convention to the House of Commons but this time they were faced down and the bill was refused (Its recorded that the Motion for more equal distribution of the people in Parliament was made in the House of Commons on Saturday, 29th November 1783 by the Rt. Hon. Henry Flood M.P. for Kilbeggan and seconded by the Right Hon. William Brownlow M.P. for Co Armagh). He opposed any proposals to allow Catholics to share in the political life of the country. Subsequent to this a personal dispute arose between him and Grattan regarding a national grant made to Grattan for his service and it turned into a bitter dispute. The Speaker had to interfere and take both into custody and bound over to keep the peace. He represented Kilbeggan from 1784 until the year preceding his death. He made several visits to the area but little is known about them. His lack of contact could be explained at the time as he was also a member of the British House of Commons representing the borough of Winchester. He had little further success as much of his eloquence and influence was gone. It was said of him that "by his exertions and repeated discussion of questions, seldom if ever approached before, first taught Ireland that she had a Parliament." From a Catholic and Nationalist point of view his achievements might be considered limited when he died in 1791 at his seat in Farmly, Co Kilkenny in his 60th year and he has been overshadowed in history by the more famous and effective figure of Grattan.

John Philpott Curran

The ‘incorruptible’ John Philpott Curran also represented the borough of Kilbeggan from 1784-91. This celebrated advocate and parliamentary orator was born at Newmarket, Co Cork on 24th July 1750. His father was seneschal of the manor court of the town and his mother was said to be witty and eloquent (her maiden name was Philpott). He originally intended to enter the Church when he entered Trinity College in 1769 but soon changed to law and went to London to study and in 1775 was called to the bar. For a time he attended the sessions in Cork. His first fee of any consequence was received from Arthur Wolfe (later Lord Kilwarden) who was murdered during the Rebellion of 1803 in Dublin. From that start he grew within his profession to become the most popular advocate of his Time. He joined the opposition in Parliament in 1784.

It was said that Lord Longueville who was a wholesale dealer in the trade of parliament was eager to get a desirable recruit like Curran and he helped return him for a seat under the mistaken belief that a young barrister with a growing family and dependent on his profession for subsistence would not allow principles to interfere with personal interest. However he voted against his patron on the very first question and persevered subsequently in his independence. He also purchased a seat which he insisted on transferring as an equivalent for that of Kilbeggan. Curran in parliament was in the ranks of the opposition and acted with many of the great patriots and statesmen of the time. However he always acted within the law and was friendly with many of the establishment through his career.

Curran was especially noted for his sharp wit and many stories have been told of his ability to produce the quick retort. The Beresford family were a great power in 18th century Ireland and John Fitzgibbon (later Lord Clare) was related to them by marriage. He was Attorney General in 1783 and Lord Chancellor in 1789, and also a great supporter of the Union. There was a mutual antipathy between Curran and Fitzgibbon, both in political life and within the court of law. On one occasion when Fitzgibbon was on the bench and Curran was presenting a case, the former had a dog beside him in court and continued to pet it even as Curran spoke. Curran’s patience eventually broke and he lapsed into silence. When the judge asked him to continue Curran replied "I thought your Lordships were in consultation."

He was also quite friendly with John Toler who was elevated to the peerage as Lord Norbury, better known as "The Hanging Judge." He was a judge for 27 years in spite of having little knowledge of the law and a harsh unyielding attitude which caused the death of many young men. Curran visited him on occasions at his residence in Durrow just a few miles outside Kilbeggan. One day they were out riding to a hunt near Tullamore when they passed the jail and Norbury looking over at the gallows remarked to Curran "If the gallows was doing its duty, where would you be." "Riding alone my Lord" was the ready reply from the ready wit. On another occasion when at a dinner with Norbury the latter was asked if he would care for some meat and he asked " Is it hung?" and Curran quickly said "Oh, you have only to try it and it is sure to be hung."

Curran is best remembered for defending many of the United Irishmen from Hamilton Rowan to John and Henry Sheares. Even though he did not succeed in having them freed his impassionate speech in defence of the rebels could not have been bettered, but in the political climate of the time he had little hope of success. His last speech in the House of Commons was in May 1797 when he spoke on Parliamentary Reform gives some idea of the man.

"You have tried to force the people; the rage of your penal laws was a storm that only drove them in groups to shelter. Your convention law gave them that organisation which is justly the object of such alarm; and the very proclamation seems to given them arms. Before it is too late therefore, try the better force of reason and conciliate them by justice and humanity . . . . .. As to the system of peace now proposed you must take it on principles - there are simply two, the abolition of religious disabilities and the representation of the people. I am confident the effects would be everything to be wished. The present alarming discontent will vanish, the good will be separated from the evil intentioned . . . . .. every sensible man must see that it gives all the enjoyment of rational liberty if the people have their due place in the state."

Unfortunately for Curran he was speaking to irrational people and had little chance of success. Curran is remembered in a less favourable light in the in his relationship with his daughter Sarah because of her involvement with Robert Emmet. The murder of Lord Kilwarden, who was friendly with Curran, in Emmet’s abortive rebellion of 1803, certainly put a huge strain on the relationship. He felt compromised and assured the Government that he disapproved of the whole matter. That was understandable but his harsh treatment of his daughter was much less so. He died in 1817 an unhappy man on both a political and personal level. In his time there is little evidence of him achieving much for Kilbeggan in spite of his local visits but to expect it would be a misinterpretation of how politics worked at the time. It was the large landowners and business people who influenced the development of an area and not barristers!

Kilbeggan Town and Trade

Ireland in the first half of the 18th century was predominantly a rural country and even larger towns in Westmeath like Athlone and Mullingar had a small population. In 1682 Sir Henry Piers visited the county and many towns including Kilbeggan and he gave a general description of the area (which is naturally not without prejudice). When speaking of the manners and customs of the county he describes them as " rude and barbarous" and it will take many years to civilise them. He is critical of the gentry for being lazy and useless but the people had a love of learning and were hospitable to all The landlords were described as oppressors of the tenants. He describes the principal commodities as corn, hides, tallows, flax, hemp, cheese, butter and wool.

Because of the relative peace for the first three quarters of the 18 th century, agriculture and trade flourished in the Kilbeggan area in spite of Acts of Parliament which benefited English farmers at the expense of the Irish. Competition for land only became a real issue with the clearances towards the end of the century. This was due to the development of the great estates with woodlands and gardens but this also required money and plenty of space, therefore tenants were cleared off and had to compete for other land. The remaining tenants had to pay higher rents. Because there were few large estates in the vacinity of Kilbeggan it was less effected than other towns and regions. After the mid-century more fields were enclosed by ditches because of the more intensive use of land as the population grew.

Arthur Young in his travels in the 1770s pointed out the increase in the number of potatoes being planted as it gradually became the staple food. They also had some milk and a little butter but meat was only occasionally eaten. Other writers more than a century after Piers described the living conditions of the people. Brewer said the people lived in cabins composed of mud with smoke escaping through a hole in the roof with perhaps a hay band stretched across the fire place for hanging linen to dry in spite of the thick smoke. A few animals like cats and dogs would be common, an iron pot, 2 or 3 stools, a table, a dresser with some cutlery. Shoes and stockings in many cases were a luxury. A sack of meal might be placed in the corner but many tenants were bound by their lease to carry oats to their landlords mill.

Cromwell writing about Westmeath early in the 19th century indicated that in spite of the fertility of the soil and the good returns to occupiers "the condition of the labourers bear little affinity to either; extreme privation and poverty are still the characteristics of their pitiable situation." The gap between rich and poor was at least as great as most areas in the country. Westmeath from the late 18th century through the 19th century especially around the Kilbeggan area was very much an area of violence and brutality. This was at a time when improvements in farming methods and production took place as prosperity for some developed side by side with others slipping gradually into destitution.

The Parliamentary Gazetteer later in the 19th century gives some idea of the conditions in which people lived which obviously in most cases would have been worse a century earlier. Kilbeggan is described "Though containing a full compliment of squalid cabins and hovels presents a tolerably well built appearance and has a fair proportion of slated houses." However being on the route from Dublin to the West, Kilbeggan in the 18th century would have had a number of small thatched houses with two rooms at most and some two storied thatched houses for the better class.

Our knowledge of the town at the time is limited but the Square contained a few houses on the southside and a large pond on the northside for ducks and geese. The Courthouse and Market House were not yet built but two dilapidated hovels were in their place. Several lanes and side streets existed with a few hovels. There was only one main street and all the other by-streets were called lanes, roads, alleys, etc.

Some of the names were Creevy’s Lane, Puddle Lane, Mill Lane, Taylor’s Lane, Sailor’s Row and Water Street. The Coola and Mullingar road did not exist as we know them nor did the present Dublin Road. The Harbour Road was the Dublin Road because there was no canal as yet. Coola Mills did not exist but there was an old mill there and an extensive milling business. There was a small mill in the town with a lane that ran from Mill Lane to Coola via the River Brosna. Aside from being a borough and garrison town Kilbeggan was also a postal town because of the coaches. In 1768 it was listed as having post twice weekly with a 4d charge. The principal route to Galway was not through Kilbeggan at the time. The town had two hotels, a livery stable, and it was a coach stop with coach agents and yards and there was a carman’s stage outside the town.

Roads

Before the 1760s road building was the responsibility of Trustees who built and maintained them. The Trustees also took the tolls but from the 1760s they were built by the Grand Juries and received many compliments from English and foreign visitors.

There are accounts of meetings in Kilbeggan concerning the roads. In April 1754 the Trustees of the Athlone Turnpike Road met in Kilbeggan to receive tenders for letting of the tolls and also repair of the roads and in 1779 the landlords of Moycashel met in Thomas Cuffe’s Inn "to consider such roads as are necessary to be repaired by presentment and to fix on honest and diligent persons as overseers to see that public money is properly expended and it is expected that all persons who intend to apply at the next Assizes for repair of any roads will bring measurements of such roads to said meeting with the names of their overseers." In 1751 an advertisement for flying chaises going to Dublin indicates that it would be 7 hours with 16 fresh horses. " Gentlemen and ladies enjoying the fresh air and well protected against the cold".

Attempts were made to improve the roads across the bogs e.g. in April 1747 there was a presentment to build a road across from Kings County over the bogs into Westmeath and further,which would shorten the trip by many miles and drain unprofitable land. It was agreed to have a survey carried out. It suited the gentry to have better roads which is why they were so liberal in approving cesses for road building. The development of the roads and trade complimented each other although building was quite expensive. The main stage roads were turnpike i.e. collections were made at certain points where traffic was stopped by heavy gates hung on cut stone piers closed across the road. The Grand Jury roads were financed by a cess or tax levied by them on property occupiers within the Barony. The road between Tullamore and Kilbeggan was greatly improved between 1770-1800. All of this had the effect of improving internal trade and contact within populated areas which had some influence on the 1798 rebellion.

Paddy Phylan’s grandfather was a carman at the time of the 1798 rebellion. He had two horses and drayed from Dublin. The carmen went to Dublin to supply goods for the district. In the summer they would do two journeys per week with about 20-30 of them coming from Dublin to Kilcock and maybe as many coming from other parts. Kilbeggan was one of the main stages. They often started at midnight with nosebags on the horses and arrived in Dublin before the heavy traffic and out again quickly. He had just two Irish draught horses with two drays and each horse carried a ton weight. The roads were full of carmen and drays and many going west would stop in Kilbeggan. The arrival of the canal in the 1830s ended the need for carmen.

Agriculture and Trade

Kilbeggan was one of the most important market towns in the midlands with products like butter and eggs in particular but also potatoes, turnips etc. Its importance increased into the 19th century after the Market House was built in 1818 by the Lambart’s and a section of the Grand Canal opened in 1835. They came from Daingean, Drumraney, Mount Temple, Loughnavalley and all around. It was said that anything would be sold in Kilbeggan which brought the wool buyers, the corn merchants, green grocers, butter buyers, and even onion buyers. In addition four fairs were held in March, June, August and October. It was not a coincidence that the rebellion took place on the fair day in June.

The making of linen and linen manufactures was one of the great industries of the 18th century. A Board of Trustees for linen manufactures had been set up by the Government in 1711 to establish places to deal with all stages from growing flax to the finished article. The Economic Depression of the 1770s and a shortage of skilled weavers brought a rapid decline in the linen trade in the Kilbeggan area. It was reckoned in 1773 that the linen trade had declined by 2/3 in the Athlone and Kilbeggan area and about 1/2 the looms were idle in the Clara district. In November 1773 a meeting was held in Moate of linen manufacturers from Clara, Kilbeggan, Tullamore, Athlone, and Moate. Those in attendance were asked to bring the number of looms employed by them at that time or within the previous two years and also the number who had left the trade in that time. unfortunately the figures are not available.

In 1809 a figure of 1,448 acres under flax was given for Westmeath but it would have been much greater in the 18th century. It was grown in abundance in the Kilbeggan area from Coola to Moycashel. The process involved pulling, bounding the sheaves and immersing in water, preferably bog water. It was taken up and spread out to dry and then bound and stacked. The scutchers removed the rotten outer layer etc. leaving the strands of fibre used for making the linen. A lot of the tow produced by scutching was sold to the local Distilleries for insulating pumps. On the south side of the River Brosna close to the Distillery there was a site called ‘the bleachyard’, which was rented to Messrs Fleetwood and Hill for the bleaching and finishing of the linen. Fleetwood built a pressing and dye mill on the site but unfortunately he became bankrupt early in the 19th century.

The Fleetwoods were also involved in another industry which was especially successful in Kilbeggan in the last 20 years of the century, which was flour milling. The two main flour mills in the area were Coola and Ballinagore. The Fitzpatrick had the mill in Coola up to 1781 when it was taken over by Mr R.Connolly and the Fleetwoods owned the Ballinagore Mill. A comparison of flour sent by road to Dublin at that time shows that between 1777-88 Ballinagore Mill went from 3,158 cwts. to 6,772 cwts. The Coola Mill in Kilbeggan was very small scale when run by the Fitzpatricks and from 1778-81 the amount sent to Dublin went from 644 cwts to 126 cwts. However the Connolly family obviously improved and expanded the mill and in 1781/82 around 2,936 cwts were sent by road to Dublin and 1,034 by canal. In 1789/90 Coola was sending more flour by road to Dublin than any of the other mills in Westmeath i.e 4,693 cwts, Fleetwoods 3,262 cwts, R.Garrett, Athlone 3,603 etc. (In 1762/63 Westmeath was one of the few counties from which flour was consigned to Dublin).

Brewing and Distilling

Trade and agriculture depended on good quality roads and this also helped the development of Kilbeggan’s famous distilling industry in the mid-18th century.The most outstanding and striking feature as you drive through Kilbeggan is Lockes Distillery which has had an new injection of life in recent years. All along the River Brosna for many years prior to the 18th century corn mills were common because it was a suitable area for barley and other cereals. Kilbeggan had the necessary components for development of a distillery i.e. water, barley, and fuel from the nearby bogs. Illicit distilling along the river was common from early times but the first distillery was said to be established in 1757 (even in 1775 George Darcy, Surveyor reported 26 illicit stills were taken in Westmeath in 7 months). It was probably established under the influence of Gustavus Lambart who was a collector of taxes for the Trim Excise District aside from being an M.P. and on the Grand Jury of Westmeath.

By 1782 there were three distilleries operating in the town. Matthias McManus father of John was operating a distillery partly on the site of the present one and his still had a capacity of 232 gallons, with an output of about 1,500 gallons per annum.By 1796 McManus was the only distiller still operating, as many small distilleries went out of business. The size of his still rose to 278 gallons so his trade probably increased. The family connection with stilling was over by the end of the century. The loss of his two sons John and James during the events of 1798 and a probable switch to brewing, presumably were the main factors in this development. At the same time the Codds were setting up a distillery on the opposite side of the road which was to be the base for the great and historic Lockes Distillery of the future in spite of many trials and tribulations.

Volunteer Inn

The most famous place in Kilbeggan was the Volunteer Inn. It was a stopping off point for travellers heading west and catered for them by providing food and drink, comfortable beds and another service was the provision of horses, sidecars, long cars and coaches with all the necessary facilities. Later in the 19th century the novelist Charles Lever in his book "The Knight of Gwynne" described a stop off to change horses at an Inn in Kilbeggan and it was very likely the Volunteer Inn. It was owned by Thomas Cuffe and his wife who are said to have employed a housekeeper named Mrs Browne and her daughter Sally, a boy named Able, and three men in the yard who looked after the horses, drove the vehicles, sowed the garden and assisted travellers in general. The Inn became famous at the end of the 18th century arising out of an incident when the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Townsend knighted the owners Sir Thomas and Lady Cuffe. The coach had broken down and he spent the knight in the Inn. After a wonderful meal and some of the local whiskey he was so impressed that he knighted the proprietor and his wife. The next day he tried to pass off the incident as a joke carried too far. Cuffe said that he had no objection to foregoing the title " for a proper consideration" but the problem was " what will my Lady Cuffe say?" (see Appendix for a full account of the event). They held the title for the rest of their lives and the Inn was visited by many just to meet the noble innkeepers. It was said that Cuffe became something of a snob after receiving his title and when a neighbour greeted him familiarly "Hello, Cuffe" he responded "Do you know I am Sir Thomas Cuffe, knight baronet and knight of the garter." The man quickly replied "If you’re Sir Thomas Cuffe, knight baronet and knight of the garter, you can go to hell, tonight, tomorrow, and the night after"

In 1806 Sir Richard Colt-Hoare visited the Inn and at that time it had received a new shopfront but the old painting of Sir Thomas being knighted was still on the front wall of the premises. He mentions "that the Inn though kept by a Knight and his lady bears a melancholy appearance." In 1791 Charles Etienne de Montbret lodged at the Inn from 24-25th May but he makes little comment on it except that that he paid 5/= to the driver Baker. In fact he was not generally complimentary on Westmeath saying that other areas were humming with industrial activity but that there was no winds of change blowing over the bogs of Westmeath. He mentions "that coarse linens or sheetings are made in the direction of Kilbeggan." When Rev. Daniel Beaufort visited the Inn in 1787 he was more impressed as they provided a complete an ample meal for 13d. A choice of veal, bacon, greens, roast beef, tart and cheese.

Terence O’Toole (Rev. Caesar Otway) in his book "A Tour of Connaught" visited Kilbeggan in the summer of 1799 a year after the rebellion and he gives a full account of the knighthood. Sir Thomas Cuffe had died by this time but Lady Cuffe was still alive. Kilbeggan was a garrison town at this time. when he dropped into the Inn It was full of soldiers reclining and smoking " gigantic looking fellows with terrible moustaches and other marks denoting them to be foreigners". He was under 20 at the time and he was told they were Germans or Hessians to be exact. he went to the stables to check the horses. At that time it was a token of loyalty to carry a tail pennant from the back of your neck and those who did not were considered Croppies. He was suddenly grabbed from behind and his arms pinioned by a 6 foot 6 inch Hessian and he was searched for the deficient tail pennant to no avail. It was presumed he was a rebel and in consequence "he kicked me in the stable, and he kicked me in the yard and he kicked me in the streets, and he kicked me up the front steps of the Inn." The toe of the jackboot did terrible damage to his body. It was pointless complaining and he had not sufficient money to stay in the Inn. Instead he called for a chaise and "putting plenty of straw under me, for air cushions were not yet invented, proceeded in a very delicate state to the end of my journey, my only consolation being that though a kicked man the disgrace and pain were not inflicted by a countryman - by a rale O or a true Mac but by a brutal Hessian."

The Inn was often a meeting place for the Trustees of the Turnpike Road or landlords. Lady Cuffe provided a wide variety of services as she advertised coaches from Phillipstown to Kilbeggan, Moate, & Athlone for the accommodation of passengers travelling in the Grand Canal Passage boats between Dublin and Phillipstown. The coach stopped each night at Kilbeggan and left the next morning for Athlone and Phillipstown at 6 o’clock, Rates were Phillipstown to Kilbeggan 3s 3d; Moate 6s 6d; Athlone 9s 9d; and the boat Dublin - Phillipstown 8s 8d. A note on one of the more interesting meetings held in Cuffe’s gives an accurate reflection of the times i.e. the paranoia and selfishness of the ascendancy class and also a certain touch of irony. In November 1779 Captain Henry Goddard as Chairman of the Protestant Moycashel Association called the meeting "It was resolved that persons who do not at this crisis join the Moycashel Association unless prevented by constitutional disability and do not contribute to defray the expense, do not deserve the protection of the Association. That they should only buy native manufacture and not drink French wine except what is present in their cellars". Then again it could be described as an early Buy Irish campaign!

The Inn obviously received its name from the Volunteers formed after the American War of Independence to defend the country against possible invasion from France in particular. In the fevered passion of the 1770s and 1780s the Volunteers took control in Ireland and meetings were held by local members in the Inn. It is said that at one of the meetings a fever broke out resulting in the death of one of the members. Because it was the fever he was laid out in a room at the Inn and a notice was placed on the door " Na bac leis "(do not disturb). As Henry Flood represented the borough for a number of years and was closely involved with the Volunteers it is likely that he stayed in or visited the Inn on a number of occasions. Interestingly Flood was a Freemason and it is not clear as to what impact it had on events at this time. Freemasonry has had a considerable influence on political events across Europe since the middle ages and organisations from the Volunteers to the United Irishmen recruited large numbers from various Masonic Lodges (even the Westmeath Militia had its own lodge). The Hon. George Augustus Rochfort, second Earl of Belvedere formed the first Volunteer Corps. in the county at Mullingar in 1777 and he was also the first Worshipful Master of the Mullingar Lodge of Masons in December 1765. A lodge was set up in Kilbeggan on 4th October 1759 with William Begley, Worshipful Master, Francis White, Senior warden and Matthew Donoghue Junior Warden. It was present in the town all through the events of the late 18th and early 19th century. There is no real evidence that it had any affect on developments in Kilbeggan at this time.

Being a market town and on the coach routes the Inns in Kilbeggan seemed to do a good business. The Red Lyon Inn was let in October 1767 by proprietor Thomas Falkiner including a house, office, and lands 20-30 acres. By May 1768 Pat McDermott of the Red Lyon Inn opened another house of entertainment at the White Hart Inn. He was obviously doing well and " requested the continuance of his friends and the public and by his endeavour to please hopes to merit their favour. He had furnished himself with every article fit for the reception of the genteelest company ".

One of the more interesting visitors to the town in the 18th century was Oliver Goldsmith. It was said that when staying with the Tobin family he entertained the locals with his famous flute and the story goes that on his last visit he exchanged the flute for a bottle of the local whiskey.

This hopefully gives some idea of Kilbeggan in the 18th century. To conclude it would appear to have been a reasonably prosperous small town with potential for improvement and with no major or even tyrannical landlords in the immediate vacinity. It seemed an unlikely place for an open rebellion in the splendid isolation of the midlands in June 1798?

Chapter - Rebellion in Kilbeggan

In order to understand the attitudes prevailing in 1798 and subsequent to the rebellion it should be remembered that it has been described as the most concentrated episode of sectarian violence in Irish History. Atrocities were perpetrated by both sides out of fear and confusion. On 14th November 1798 Bishop Plunkett stated in his diary "I returned home this evening after having finished the most laborious visitation I made since the start of my administration. I was more or less exposed during my excursion through the diocese. The rebellion broke out last summer in different parts of the kingdom. In four different parts of the diocese of Meath the King’s soldiers engaged and defeated them at Tara Hill, Williamstown, Kilbeggan and Wilson’s Hospital." This sums up events in the area in 1798 but the bishop came from a certain perspective as summed up when he visited Kilbeggan on 15th September 1793 when he warned against " rioting and quarrelling" and cautioned them against Defenderism. Many others felt that a rebellion was the only solution to their problems.

As we have seen the episodes of violence were common in Westmeath especially in 1797 when it seemed more likely that a rebellion would take place in Westmeath. The outrages were less common early in 1798 as groups of Protestant loyalists supported by yeomen and militia officers committed a series of outrages against Catholics in Westmeath. It is not clear if it was a deliberate plan to stay low in early 1798 and not commit as many acts against landlords and gentry. At the Spring assizes in Westmeath it was mentioned ‘the most satisfactory accounts from the judges, of the behaviour of the juries ‘. In near-by Moate a warrant was issued on 3rd February 1798 to arrest two United Irishmen named Coffie and Carbery who were supposed to assassinate the infamous George Clibborn, Captain of the Moate cavalry. The men were arrested and lodged in Mullingar jail. Mr Smyth a member of parliament for Westmeath wrote to Pelham on 4th March 1798 that while "great enormities . . . were practised by the soldiery at the other side of the county" which he could not defend but there were extenuating circumstances and in relation to the rebels he mentions "the recent fact of attacking twenty four houses in one night and almost on the same hour, which seemed to indicate a general rising."

Informers gave information to authorities that several blacksmiths in the Barony of Moycashel were making pikes and Thomas Medcalf in a letter to Lord Castlereagh on 22nd April 1798 specifically mentions the blacksmith Kinahan. On 15th April 1798 it was said that "the county was in a state of perfect peace except for the Athlone conspiracy." In April 1798 Nangle, Doyle and Murray were found guilty at the Assizes of being United Irishmen and were carried in full procession from Mullingar Jail by detachments of Militia and yeomanry to the strand near the old Abbey of Athlone where they were hung at a temporary gallows erected for the purpose. Tradition has it that a group of United Irishmen were very active in the Barony of Kilkenny West near Athlone under the leadership of a young man called Harte

Information was being provided on a on-going basis by informers about the oaths being administered by the United Irishmen or Defenders. In the Barony of Fertullagh the sergeants were known by the informers but they would not come forward publicly. It was said that 130 men were raised in the barony i.e. 13 by each 10 sergeants. It was said that they were getting directions from the Commission in Dublin and that they make a return of the men enlisted. The position as given by one informer in a note dated 24th February was that the Commission would give orders to use the signal to murder all Protestants and that the order would only be received a few days before executing it. In early April 1798 Faulkner’s Journal reported that 200 young trees, ash, elm, and larch belonging to Westmeath gentlemen were cut down and it is supposed that they are intended for pike handles.

Because of the pressure, McManus was one of the few who made his return to Patrick Gallagher at Thomas Street in May 1798. He was an important figure in Westmeath and his arrest on 8th June just over a week prior to the Kilbeggan Rebellion was obviously a major motivating factor in the events that followed. However the organisation was more complex than that and there were other influences even in the Westmeath area.

Dublin was the capital and operational headquarters for the United Irishmen from 1796 and many people from the country had reason to travel to Dublin (e.g. the McManuses being in the distilling business would have to go for a number of reasons) it was comparatively easy to make contact with headquarters etc. Charles Teeling had spread the doctrine of the Defenders by travelling widely through Ireland including Westmeath in 1795 and his brother Bartolemew had spread the doctrine of the United Irishmen at the same time. Two of the great organisers of the United Irishmen, James Hope and William Putnam McCabe had travelled regularly across the midlands and even in 1798 McCabe was organising in Westmeath. He posed as everything from a farmer to a peddler. Carmen and peddlers were often used to spread handbills because they travelled easily from the country to Dublin and back again. All of this indicates that it wasn’t just through McManus that many people were organised and sworn in the Kilbeggan district.

Fair Day

It was fair day in Kilbeggan which allowed large numbers to come into the town from near and far because as we have seen Kilbeggan was a well established market town used by travellers, traders, and farmers passing through. It seems likely that in the week after McManus’s arrest some of the local leaders spread the word to meet in Kilbeggan at the fair and bring their weapons which could easily have been hidden in carts. It was probably the sheer numbers that alerted the authorities to the possibility of something happening. The trial of McDonagh indicates that they were aware of some of the events that day and there is also evidence of drink been taken which might have loosened a few tongues.

The original plan of rising on 23rd May had been completely disrupted by the arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, the Sheares brothers etc. and on top of that the United Irishmen who assembled at Tara on 26th May if they were successful intended to join in with the insurgents in Cavan, Westmeath, and other counties to cordon off the capital from the north and west. McManus had been preparing the units in the Kilbeggan area for the rebellion on 23rd May. The arrests and the failure at Tara presumably led to a postponement. McManus’s trip to Cavan with Carey may have been for the purpose of re-organising and uniting with the Cavan forces. Even prior to his arrest it is mentioned in correspondence that some of the Westmeath leaders were already taken.

One other event which might have contributed to the Kilbeggan Rising was the death of three men in Ballycumber on 13th June. Murty Daly, Edward Feeney, and Michael Conway were all hanged after being convicted as United Irishmen (It was close to the home of John Warneford Armstrong who was known as ‘ Sheares’ Armstrong because of his betrayal of the Sheares Brothers). They were all natives of the locality. During the course of the trial the authorities guarded all the surrounding roads leading to Clara, Moate, and Ferbane because they feared trouble. They even had artillery covering each road. They were hanged by a local magistrate Richard Holmes - there is a tradition that it was arranged that the valet would kill Holmes while shaving him by cutting his throat but the plan came to light before the fatal occurrence. The news of the hangings would have been relayed to the leaders in the Kilbeggan District and possibly have convinced them that it was time to make a move or they could all be arrested and convicted. There is evidence that United Irishmen from Offaly participated in the Kilbeggan rebellion as you would expect with the town so close to the county border.

Attack On Kilbeggan

At about 11 o’clock on Saturday 16th June a recruit of Captain Clark’s gave information that the town would be attacked on the next day. As many similar claims had been circulated before it was not much regarded. Nonetheless, a number of mounted guards were placed around the town with instructions to report anything suspicious. At break of dawn a large number of insurgents (reports at the time said 3-4,000) were seen at the top of a hill (the Hill of Doon on the Comagh Road per Paddy Phylan) on the west side of town. Immediate notice was given to the commanding officer who directed that the horse guard should continue to observe the movements of the rebels and if the numbers increased retreat slowly about 200 yards in front of the town and let him know the position. According to McManus the number of troops in the Barony of Moycashel was 70 Northumberland Fencibles (they had first come to Ireland on 26th May 1797 and were discontinued on 25th August 1802- they had a full strength of 589), 40 Grange yeomen infantry, Tyrellspass and 30 Grange yeomen cavalry in Moate. On this particular night the best information indicates that Kilbeggan was in the hands of 60 Northumberland Fencibles led by Captain Thatcher, a company of 30 Fertullagh yeomen cavalry, and a large number of Protestants either local or some who had taken refuge in the town. The yeomen were led by Captain Berry and it has also been mentioned that Col.Blake was in Kilbeggan at the head of his Northumberland militia. Estimates of about 120 men against 3-400 were probably wrong on both counts.

What was agreed was that the rebels were divided into bands from 60-100 in regular order with different kinds of arms from 5-10 feet long pitchforks. Each band moved separately and were led by an officer who was a distinguished by a green sash or cockade. Most of the men had white paper bands around their hats (*). They generally had clean shirts on and they each had a piece of oat bread in their pocket and some were intoxicated. On the first appearance of the rebels about three hours before an attack commenced an express message was sent to Tullamore (7 miles away) where the principal part of the 7th Dragoons were stationed under the command of General Dunn. He forwarded a troop of about 80 men in number.

The actual sequence of events subsequent to this gets various interpretations e.g. one official account says that the rebels attacked our party in the " mountains" outside the town and obliged the Fencibles to retreat back to the town. No fighting took place until the rebels reached the outskirts of the town. Seward in his account states that ‘the loyalists cleared the streets which had been full of rebels without the loss of a man’ while Lewis in his "Topographical Dictionary" says the insurgents were defeated "near the town after an obstinate engagement."

Paddy Phylan’s account from his grandfather is probably the most accurate. He said that the rebels marched into town from the Hill of Doon past McManus’s house, the Distillery, up the hill past the Volunteer Inn and were met by barricades set up on the west side of the Square (i.e. around the Black Kettle / John Whelan’s shop).

(* White Paper was used as a distinguishing mark for troops in battle and white cockades were favourites of the Jacobites. White Paper hat bands were worn by a number of rebels in different parts of the country from Westmeath to Wexford. It is likely that they had an association with the Stuarts)

When the rebels came between the current Garda Barracks and the barricades soldiers opened fire. They all had muskets and the rebels only had pikes. A number of them were wounded or killed in the first volley. It was the first time most of them went into combat and came under fire. It was obviously a terrifying experience. They hesitated and as one of the leaders tried to rally them they came under a withering volley of fire again which made them retreat and started the rout as the cavalry went in pursuit of them. One man alone a Sergeant Price was said to have killed 14 pikemen. The cavalry were aided by a dismounted party of loyalists who had rushed from Tyrellspass on hearing the gunfire and arrived just before the Black Horse. Opinions vary as to the number killed from 400 to a more official figure of 120 men which would seem more accurate.

A report from Dublin Castle dated 19th June stated:
"An account was received this day from Brigadier General Barnett stating that on 17th inst. a considerable body of rebels attacked Kilbeggan but were repulsed by a detachment of 50 of the Northumberland Fusiliers under the command of Captain Thatcher. One hundred and twenty of the rebels were killed according to most accounts."

A letter from Athlone dated 20th June indicates that the rebels attacked four times and in different quarters:
"On Sunday last at 4 in the morning the town of Kilbeggan was most impetuously attacked four times successively in different quarters and were as often repulsed by the loyal inhabitants, the yeomanry, and by a detachment of the Black Horse who afterwards pursued the fugitives in all directions with incredible slaughter. Considerable numbers of prisoners were taken among whom is a man supposed to be their leader......An imperfect account of the above action reached Athlone on Sunday evening. A detachment of the Loyal Athlone cavalry, Roxborough Dragoons and Northampton foot with several pieces of ordnance were dispatched to reinforce the troops at Kilbeggan under the command of Brig. Gen. Barnett. They were joined on the march by the Moate cavalry under Captain Clibborne. They arrived in Kilbeggan at a very early hour and found tranquillity perfectly restored and the inhabitants engaged in removing the mangled bodies of the insurgents who had fallen in the contest and exhibited a most shocking spectacle of blood and carnage."

The arrival of General Barnett and the other forces was to re-inforce the town but when he saw that peace was restored he returned to Athlone and issued a proclamation promising every well disposed person would receive protection from the soldiers and by keeping in their houses after 9 o’clock at night they would have nothing to fear. Anyone found in arms or disturbing the peace would receive no mercy. The Churches were almost deserted on Sunday but the General promised to protect all places of worship. Having said that there is evidence that Captain Berry asked permission from Captain Thatcher to set fire to the chapel while the people were at mass. Its stated that they rode up to the chapel with drawn swords for that purpose but Thatcher would not consent until the congregation had left. It was a mudwall chapel (replaced in 1806) and tradition states that when the yeomen came to burn the chapel a terrible storm of hail, rain, thunder and lightning came and the soldiers had to shelter. By the time they got to the chapel the people had left and Captain Thatcher is supposed to have said "There is no use going up now, the birds have flown." In any case the chapel was ultimately spared.

Personal Accounts of Events

There are a few accounts of events from eyewitnesses at the time which reflect both the genuine fear and triumphalism which is still part of all sectarianism.

A letter from Kilbeggan dated 17th June stated:
"I am so alarmed that I know scarcely what to do having no arms or servants. I am obliged this night to go to Redmondstown to sleep. The rebels attacked Kilbeggan this morning and were beaten off with great loss. They went about in parties and forced many with them. None of my people were thank God taken. I do all in my power to keep them loyal. If I go away I fear my people will suffer and I am afraid to remain, there being no servants or army near this place. I request most earnestly for your advice to let me know by return of post what should I do or whether I should apply for some of the army."

A further letter from Kilbeggan on 18th June (Dublin Evening Post)

"‘Tis about 8 o’clock on Sunday morning. We are all safe and well. We were attacked between 4 and 5 o’clock by the rebels. We have completely defeated them and no person of ours hurt but Mr Nowlan. He received two thrusts of a pike but is not hurt much (see McDonagh trial below). I judge there were about three or four hundred. They will not I think try experiments on Kilbeggan in a hurry again. A party of the Black Horse came to our assistance too late to take share in the total rout of them and the Clara yeomen too late also so that the credit is all our own. Mr G---- is killed. Mrs ------ shot one man breaking her window and I had so good aim I settled another which dispersed that group. I cannot say too much but practise to make them cool. I judge not less than 40 - 50 of the rebels fell. Some prisoners were brought in and shot or hanged directly. Numbers of pikes or long pitchforks were taken. Yesterday was a fair day. We had very good intelligence. I doubt not more prisoners will be brought in, who will instantly suffer."

It was continued the same day at 12 o’clock:
"This has been a glorious day for our town. We were attacked by rebels who numbered about 2,000. I took one of their advance men going to reconnoitre. We fought well and killed upwards of 150. The Black Horse joined in an hour after the battle. I killed and took nine and took the Captain. This moment I retain after totalling defeating them. We have fought well and have justly acquired the name of one of the First Corp."

Another reference to the event states that:
"At Kilbeggan a small party of yeomanry many of whom were Methodists met a rebel army approaching to burn the town. The Volunteers were led by Mr Handy of Bracklagh Castle who with his sons fought in the bravest manner and having repulsed the insurgents with considerable loss, gained a complete victory." (A History of Methodism 1791-1806 - see Handy Appendix *)

Whatever about the quality of leadership or the possible areas of conflict in the town it was strange that no attempt was made to strategically place men around the town to prevent the arrival of reinforcements. It does add some credence to the belief that it was more intended as a military parade of strength rather than an actual attack or rebellion. As McManus stated while in prison it was a "foolish business" with not the slightest chance of success. As commander he would not have consented to it.

The numbers involved in the attack is difficult to judge. A figure of 3-4,000 was mentioned in dispatches but this would seem to be wildly speculative. Gustavus Rochfort in a letter looking for troops for Mullingar mentioned a figure of 1,500 and at the trial of Michael McDonagh on 10th July 1798 "a figure of at least 1,000" was entered in the Court records. It would seem that the estimate of around 1,000- 1,500 was more correct.

Trial of McDonagh

The Trial of Michael McDonagh was held in Mullingar on Tuesday, 10th July 1798 (Appendix- full transcript). Given the nature of the evidence it was strange that McDonagh pleaded not guilty to the accusation of participating in the armed rebellion.

The first witness was Darby Spelman who was asked if he saw the prisoner in company with "Mulhalls son" on the morning of 17th June (We know little about Mulhall’s involvement in events). Apparently McDonagh had a stick in his hand and Mulhall using a pistol tried to force Spelman to join the rebels. The next witness was Timothy Nowlan who was at the barricades between 5-6 o’clock that morning when they beat off the rebels to the far side of the bridge over the River Brosna. He was assaulted with a pike by Tim Galvin near his own house. Nowlan said he aimed his gun at him and Galvin bid him "Fire, you dog" - which he did, killing him instantly. Michael McDonagh who lived in The Square then came up behind him with a pike and knocked him down. McDonagh tried stabbing him several times in the belly and injured him on the wrist and groin. He was only rescued by John Fuller and Henry Graham firing at McDonagh. Fuller confirmed that he was about 150 yards from the attack but he advanced to Mr Cuffes (which was towards the top of the hill) and fired at McDonagh. He identified the prisoner as the attacker.

McDonagh had no evidence or witnesses and submitted himself to the mercy of the court. He was found guilty and received the death sentence. He was buried in the old graveyard in Kilbeggan.

There is a tradition in Kilbeggan that McDonagh escaped down Puddle Lane (now St Mary’s Avenue) and headed for Tullamore where he hid for some time. Two soldiers arrested him for acting suspiciously. No one recognised him in jail until one day an old slater came over from Kilbeggan and was fixing the jail roof when he spotted McDonagh in the jail and he said "Ah, sweet McDonagh from Kilbeggan that ran his pike through a yeoman the morning of the rising." He was supposedly taken out and marched through Kilbeggan to Mullingar jail. It is an unlikely story in view of the time scale between the rebellion and his trial, which suggest he was arrested fairly quickly.

The Rebels

Aside from McManus and McDonagh we have very little information on the men involved in the rebellion. On 15th May 1799 Samuel W. Handy of the Fertullagh Cavalry sent a letter to headquarters giving the names of some of the possible leaders. According to him John Murray a cousin of John McManus was the leader. He was armed with a double barrelled gun and had pistols. According to Handy the gun had been supplied by Hugh Shiel a member of the Fertullagh yeomanry commanded by Captain Berry (He may have had his own motives for saying that as he clearly did not like the Shiels). Other commanders mentioned were Lawrence Creevy otherwise Lord Creevy, a few young Whites from Loughnagore and 2 or 3 Crosbies of Derry Hall near Moate. There is no reference to James McManus, John’s brother who according to the records died in August 1797 aged 22 years and is buried at Ardnurcher graveyard in Horseleap. It is not clear if his death was due to any participation in the rebellion. He was an United Irishman based on John’s letter to Gallagher and he made contact with the leaders in Thomas Street. This was obviously known to the authorities, so presumably he died because of his participation in events.

Men from Offaly also participated in the rebellion. Barney Hiney and his brother from Ballinagreena and a Whelan from Ballinlig. After the rebellion they were kept with other prisoners in a field around which the River Brosna flowed while the soldiers guarded the only gate. Barney Hiney managed to swim across the river bringing his brother and Whelan with him on his back. The Whelan’s house was subsequently burnt by yeomen and the family had to leave their holding and for many years lived in a hovel near a bridge which became known as "Whelan’s Bridge." A Kinahan from Laragh was wounded at Kilbeggan. He was brought back and left in a field of oats at the farm of George Bell who looked after him until he died. Bell was a huge man known as "Big George" and he is said to have carried young Kinahan across the fields and buried him in Kill Graveyard. It was very difficult for Bell as he had a barracks at his gate and neighbours were involved in the rising.

Reprisals

As in any conflict and especially in one where sectarianism played a major role there is a heavy price for failure and unfortunately many innocent people suffer. Immediately after the rebellion a number of insurgents were captured and immediately executed in The Square. Many others were to be pursued and executed in the weeks following.

On the Sunday afternoon when the town was quiet six Orangemen who were privates in the yeomanry set off without orders and took with them two young men by the name of Marshall from Ballinagore and marched them up to Grehan’s where they took out two of his sons. In the presence of their families they were ordered to kneel down and they were then murdered. In Ballinagore at least ten men were murdered including the above. They included two Sheridans, Edward Maxwell, John Goodwin, Thomas Claffey, Richard Dunne, and a man named Tiernan. The following day seven others were said to have been bayoneted in the area including the man who the previous day had warned the garrison. One of the Orangemen involved in the murders was said to be Tom Belton. In the Spring of 1799 an "honourable baronet" who had witnessed some of the deeds supported Marshall in a prosecution for the loss of his sons. The information and bills of indictment were sent up to the Grand Jury. Even though the case was proven, the Grand Jury ignored the Bills.

The story concerning the informer is that he was working in the field spreading manure with a horse and cart. He considered that he was safe because of the information provided. However after failing to find any victims on their trip they decided to hang him out of the shaft of a cart as they returned to Kilbeggan. The prime plotters in the Ballinagore murders were Samuel Robinson,(Robinson himself was murdered many years later - Appendix) his brother, and some of his cousins. It was said that Robinson had only a short time before been paying his addresses to Miss Tiernan a sister of one of the murdered men and that the brother had disapproved of the approaches. One man J-- C --boasted that he shot nine men and a fiendish woman T--G-- shot a poor peasant on his way to Kilbeggan for a mid-wife to attend his wife.

One of the most unfortunate people was Michael Fox of Ballyoban, Kilbeggan. He was a farmer on his way to the forge when he was dragged into The Square and hanged from a crane used to lift sacks of corn and from a weighing machine. In the old mill house at Coola then owned by the Connolly’s an insurgent named Reilly from Meldrum was executed by one of the "yeos". In the room where the bloody deed took place the blood was pointed out for years afterwards. The particular room was demolished some years ago when a tree fell on it.

Father John Duffy P.P., Castletown also had his life threatened at this time as his house was raided but luckily he was not home, which saved his life. The house was plundered and burned down. Many years later he was having breakfast in the house of one of his parishioners when he found that he was using his own spoons. They had been taken by one of the Orangemen in 1798 and by chance had been loaned to their catholic neighbours at this time!

"The Orchard Man"

It would seem that if approximately 120 men were killed in the period of and just after the rebellion that many of them would have been buried as a group locally. There is a tradition that a hole was dug by the yeomanry in the present Relic on the outskirts of the town called the "Croppies Grave." In relation to this there is a story in material supplied to the Irish Folklore Commission in 1938 by a woman named Mrs Caffrey as related to her by her own grandfather who was alive in 1798. Her great uncle a Mr Tormey owned an orchard and sold fruit all round the country using a horse and cart. On one occasion he was ordered to use them for to bring luggage to Athlone for an officer of the yeomanry. After the rebellion he was on the run as a rebel when he was captured by the yeomanry. He was brought to the edge of the large hole for execution when the officer recognised him as the "orchard man" and ordered his release. The story goes that Tormey escaped to the Black Bog and was pursued by a few men who were angry about his release. He escaped and hid in a house in Clongowly. The old woman who lived there had a lot of chickens and hens roosting in the shed. She hid him underneath and covered him with dirty smelly straw. When his pursuers came to the shed the ‘fowl’ stench put them off and they gave up the search. It maybe an embellished story but with a fair amount of truth. In O’Donovan’s Ordinance Survey letters of 1838 he spoke to 82 year old John Daly who mentioned that no part of the Kilbeggan monastery remained except for the walls of a comparatively modern dwellinghouse which fell into ruin after the 1798 rebellion. According to Daly "The last who dwelt in this house was the Rev. Mr Elrington whose son has now a situation in the Tower of London." The Rev. Elrington had been a character witness for John McManus in his trial and in view of the subsequent rebellion he may have suffered for it.

Within a matter of weeks Kilbeggan was quiet again and on 3rd July 1798 a full meeting of the Fertullagh Cavalry was held at headquarters in Kilbeggan. The following letter from Brigadier Charles Barnett to James Middleton Berry was read

"Sir, - I was yesterday honoured with a letter from General Lake. He has that I will now make his acknowledgement of the highest appropriation and thanks to yourself and the officers and men of the Fertullagh Cavalry under your command for their gallantry and brilliant defeat of a large body of rebels with so small a force on the morning of 17th. I have already expressed through Colonel Thatcher how much my feelings were gratified by such distinguished conduct. Therefore you will do me the justice to believe that I have particular satisfaction in transmitting to yourself and your corps the highest approbation and thanks of the Commander in Chief .

Charles Barnett"

Panic in Mullingar

Aside from the reprisals in the immediate area around Kilbeggan one other major effect was the panic it created in the surrounding areas like Multyfarnham and Mullingar. One example of the panic is illustrated in an anonymous letter from Mullingar to Lord Castlereagh. The writer gives out about Barnett taking troops to Kilbeggan and not replacing them thus leaving the army in Mullingar too small. The reason for the panic was that there was a fair in Mullingar on 4th July and the belief by some was that it would be used to instigate a rebellion. The writer indicates that there was a "dreadful conspiracy" against the Protestants in the town which apparently involved a publican in the town who had just been released on bail. The plan was to poison the whiskey and kill all the soldiers. The writer points out that thousands would attend the fair and with hundreds who live in the town ready to join them the danger to Protestants was great. He requested that the fair be postponed. He also makes the interesting point that Col. Blake did not want to have the fair but that General Barnett would not give him the power to stop it.

On 22nd June Col Blake, Northumberland Fencibles wrote to Lord Castlereagh requesting that the fair be cancelled because the Kilbeggan rebellion had been instigated at the fair in that town.

"June 22, 1798

My Lord,

With the concurrence of several magistrates of the county I beg leave to suggest to Government the propriety of putting a stop to a fair that is to be held in this town on 4th July as a very large concourse of people appear on that day, some various disturbances may take place within this precaution, particularly as the present force in Mullingar comprising horse and foot scarcely exceeds one hundred and sixty men. It is an undeniable fact that the late disturbances in Kilbeggan which terminated so honourably in the King’s Troops was planned at a fair on the day preceding the attack. Being unwilling to put a stop to the Fair without the sanction of Government I request your Lordships answer and have the honour to be,

He must have convinced the Government of the danger because the fair was postponed. Fairs were suspended in other towns in Westmeath during June to the detriment of farmers in the area but as the Dublin Evening Post stated on 14th June the rural community had much more to worry about than having no fairs

"The miseries brought on the families of these in rebellion is scarcely to be imagined . . . women and children clustering together in the ruins of their cabins, which are with the hedges their only place of residence and in almost a famishing condition."

Tullamore took no part in the rebellion but like other places close to Kilbeggan suffered the intimidation of yeomen. Three Offaly men were tried and executed in the town (a Coffey and two brothers named Dempsey) and as Musgrave states "the inhabitants of the town to testify their concern for the fate of their fellow, closed down their doors and windows and observed a dead silence during their execution." It is more likely that the Kilbeggan rebellion frightened both the Protestant and Catholic communities in the town because of the possible consequence for themselves.

Chapter - Aftermath of 1798

Kilbeggan’s participation in events subsequent to June 1798 was almost negligible although on Sunday, 26th August, 1798 Lord Cornwallis, Commander in Chief of the English army set out from Dublin with a large body of troops. He had just got news of the French landing in the west (On the same day the French Commander General Humbert was marching across the mountain road to Castlebar). He arrived in Phillipstown on 26th August with the 100th Regiment, the first and second battalions of light infantry and also the Bucks and Warwick Militia. After covering around 60 miles in 24 hours Cornwallis stopped in Kilbeggan on 27th. It was at this camp he heard about the English defeat at Castlebar.

"Lord Cornwallis to the Duke of Portland

Kilbeggan, Aug.28, 1798

My Lord - I have the honour to transmit to your Grace the copy of a letter from Lieut- General Lake reporting to me the unfortunate result of an attack made by the French on the corps which Major-General Hutchinson had assembled at Castlebar (?).

I need not point out to your Grace the impression which this event will make upon the country in general, and have only most strongly to the very urgent necessity of immediately sending from Great Britain as great a re-inforcement as possible either to Dublin, Waterford, or Belfast.

I shall proceed this morning to Athlone and hope to collect such a body of troops as will enable us to act offensively- I have etc.

Cornwallis"

Kilbeggan was strategically well placed to cover most eventualities in the west. On 6th September Lord Cornwallis wrote to Viscount Castlereagh from Frenchpark.

"My dear Lord - I have directed General Lake in the event of the enemy marching to Manorhamilton to follow them as closely as possible taking with him Major-General Moore’s brigade but if the enemy should march down the Shannon to the westward of Lough Allen I have desired him to fall back towards General Moore and take the best means of preventing their return to Connaught. I shall myself proceed to-morrow to Carrick -on- Shannon and afterwards regulate my movements according to those of the enemy.

The guards are ordered to Kilbeggan and they will be at hand to assist any of our operations and from whence, in case of any serious alarm, they might either by land or water in the course of a few hours reach the Capital. I have without assigning any reasons ordered boats to be held in readiness at Phillipstown . . . . .."

When Cornwallis was in Kilbeggan the chapel was taken over by his men who burned the pews and a large plastic figure of The Redeemer was found with a deep cut (as if by a sabre) across the throat. It remained in that condition until the old chapel was removed to make place for one built in 1805. From secret information and informers the authorities were notified that the midland counties were rife for revolt and that they were only waiting for the French. From Meath, Longford, Leitrim, Westmeath, Roscommon, Carlow, and Monaghan they were organised to some extent for the outbreak. By 5th September reports had reached the authorities that people were rising in Ballymore, ‘the islands of Rathaspic’, Mullingar, Kilbeggan, and other places. As we shall see it was partly true but Kilbeggan was not one of the places. Gustavus Rochfort writing on 31st August 1798 states that they were much incensed in Kildare at the loyalty that was shown in Kilbeggan, Tyrellspass, and Beggarsbridge. He mentions that the county was quiet but some people were active at the Fair in Mullingar.

Wilson’s Hospital

On 5th September 1798 a large body of United Irishmen assembled at Skeagh Hill near the village of Rathconrath led by a young man called James Maloney. At that time a Protestant family named Turner lived in the vacinity and it was known that he hated rebels and papists and many wanted to burn them out. However a council of war was held and fortunately for them a local farmer named Edward O’Neill who was influential, dissuaded them by pointing out that it would be a cowardly act. Some rebels left in protest but a number marched to Ballynacaragy and on to Baronstown House where Richard Malone, Baron Sunderlin resided. The house was surrounded but as he was not considered a bad landlord they didn’t attack. The intention of the group was to link up with other insurgents at Crookedwood about six miles north of Mullingar to create a diversion for the French contingent in the west.

At this time it was believed that the arms, ammunition, etc. belonging to the yeomen of Ballinalack and Bunbrosna were stored at Wilson’s Hospital which was nearby. The hospital was a large building founded by Andrew Wilson of Piercefield for the education of about 160 Protestant boys and also for aged Protestants. The place was guarded by the Bunbrosna yeomen. When the rebels arrived it was dark and they surrounded the building. Accounts of events subsequently vary depending on the different sources and prejudices. It is clear that the rebels took over the Hospital grounds fairly easy and in spite of various opinions not much evidence of Protestants being killed. Gordon’s account indicates that the rebels were taking measures to butcher 28 Protestants. Seward’s account is unreliable (he gives a figure of 5,000 rebels!) but he states that a priest celebrated mass after the take-over and that ‘they then collected in a house a great number of Protestant men, women, and children and would have set fire to it' but for the arrival of the Kings Troops. Musgrave says "Some of the rebels proposed to put the boys (who were all Protestants) to death after having plundered them of their clothes. The labourers and the popish servants of the hospital were the leaders in this nefarious business and seemed to exalt in it."

It is not clear why but around 500 rebels moved out of the hospital to meet Lord Longford with a body of yeomen and the Argyle Fencibles on Thursday afternoon 6th September near Bunbrosna village. The real difference between the sides were the field guns in possession of the crown forces. The rebels made three abortive attempts to seize or put the guns out of action but they suffered major losses due to a culmination of devastating grapeshot and the cavalry forces. Eventually, they fled in all directions. One group said to include Longford and Cavan men took shelter in an abandoned farmhouse. When surrounded they offered to surrender but the house was set on fire. Some who tried to escape were shot down or bayoneted.

The following day the houses of the people within a 4 mile radius were searched and any suspects were put to death immediately. Castlereagh wrote to Mr Wickham secretary to the Duke of Portland that

"Letters from Mullingar state that a decisive advantage was gained yesterday at Wilson’s Hospital near the town by a company of yeomen commanded by Lord Longford supported by a detachment of regular troops. The rebels lost about 150 killed and were dispersed." Tradition has it that a number of United Irishmen had escaped into the islands of Lough Derravaragh and Lough iron or along the banks of the Inny River. One of the more interesting stories of the Westmeath Rebellion concerned a man called John Reilly who was captured by the yeomen after the battle. After searching for a while they found a document hidden under the rim of his hat. It was written in French and it said

"Far may the boughs of Liberty extend,
For ever cultured by the brave and free;
For ever blasted be the impious hand
That lops one branch from the noble tree!
Patriots ‘tis yours to make her verdure thrive,
And keep the roots of Liberty alive."

It was enough to rank as treason. He was tied to a horse and cart as they used boughs from a tree to flog and torture him. Covered in blood they gave him his liberty to run by Major R - in charge and told "Now fly for your life you dog for the first man that overtakes you will cut you down." Reilly snatched a stone and threw it at the Major. It struck the horses head causing it to bolt and throw the rider. Reilly made his escape and hid in the rushes by a river where the yeomen could not find him. Three years later on 23rd June 1801 as the Major was returning home he was stopped at Sonna by Reilly who gained revenge by shooting him dead. It caused panic amongst the gentry but in spite of offering rewards Reilly was never taken.

Wilson Hospital was in effect the last major event in Westmeath in 1798 even though unrest continued for some time. Kilbeggan had been part of a possibly hastily constructed plan earlier in July. It arose more out of a series of defeats rather than victories. Captain Anthony Perry of Inch who was a Protestant married to a Catholic and born in Co Down was one of the leaders in the Wexford Rebellion. He had fought from Vinegar Hill to Hacketstown. He had been arrested earlier in May and tortured in Gorey in particular by a sergeant of the North Cork Militia nicknamed Tom the Devil who cut his hair close to his head and burned the roots with a candle. After being released by a magistrate on 28th May 1798 he had go on the run. After the defeats in Wexford he escaped into the midlands to link up with Kildare and Meath rebels. The plan in early July was to attack a small garrison at Clonard, Co Meath and then march on to places like Kilbeggan picking up more insurgents before eventually taking Athlone. The local small force of yeomanry led by Lieut-Col. Tyrell defended the town on 11th July and sent messages to Kinnegad, Mullingar, and Edenderry for re-inforcements. Without cannon the rebel forces had little chance of success.

The arrival of yeomen from Kinnegad ("Kinnegad Slashers") brought slaughter and mayhem amongst the rebel ranksand they fled in all directions. Perry and a priest Fr. Kearns escaped into Offaly and when attempting to cross a bog near Clonbulloge they were captured by Messrs Ridgeway and Robinson of the Edenderry yeomen and hanged in that town. Ironically Fr. Kearns had been a curate at one point in Clonard. The plan to capture strategic points in the midlands like Clonard, Kilbeggan and Athlone was fine except that the rebel had not the resources in men and firepower after a series of defeats to take on well armed soldiers and yeomen.

The effects of the rebellion in general terms meant that 20-30,000 died within a matter of months most of them rebels. Afterwards claims for damages to property (over half came from Wexford, Wicklow and Kildare) was over £1 million and between 1798-1800 around 70 catholic churches were burnt out or damaged in a reign of terror. The claims in Westmeath made on or before 6th April 1799 (* Appendix) for damage to property amounted to a total of £2,808 - 3s - 7d. The two specific claims for Kilbeggan were Jeremiah Booth, Merchant for the loss of tobacco or pipe clay (£12 -7s - 6d) and Edward Murphy, Merchant who lost Wine, Brandy, tobacco, and sugar at Sallins, Co Kildare. It is also noted that Samuel Wesley Handy of Bracca Castle had a claim for £568 - 17s in respect of cattle, meadow, and hay at Kilalla, Co Mayo.

The Catholic Churches attitude to the rebellion was generally one of opposition to the United Irishmen and Defenders and this would have been in line with the Bishop of Meath, Dr Plunkett who was a vehement opponent of the rebels. The general loyalty to the Government was understandable in many ways but what was difficult to comprehend was in July 1798 the principal inhabitants if Moate and neighbourhood made a presentation to George Clibborn, Captain of the Moate yeomanry in recognition of his efforts to maintain peace and order. Clibborn was intolerant and severe in his implementation of the law and this would especially have affected Catholics yet three parish priests, a curate and a Carmelite prior signed the presentation to Clibborn? Even in 1800 when the Government was pushing to get addresses in favour of the Act of Union the Rev. Thomas Dunne P.P., Kilbeggan signed a declaration in Roscommon approving a legislative union with Great Britain. Bishop Plunkett signed similar declarations for Meath and Westmeath in conjunction with the freeholders of the counties. The Roman Catholic Bishops certainly seem to have been out of line with the general body of Catholics in that respect. Grattan even described them as " a band of prostituted men engaged in the service of the Government ". This may have been unfair in some respects as it must be remembered that most of the 18th century was a continuous fight for the bishops and priests against the Penal Laws and most of them did not want to lose what they had gained in the years prior to 1798. Perhaps the opposition of the Catholic Church might be a factor in explaining why memories and folklore of 1798 appear to have been buried compared to the Famine in the 1840s. The Famine was obviously a greater catastrophe affecting to some degree every corner of Ireland but one would have expected that something as stirring as 1798 (the only real rebellion between the 1690s and 1916) should have had greater folklore memories. James Woods in his Annals of Westmeath (1890) chronicles many of the events in Westmeath. He says "Suspicion was arrest - trial was death. But we will not stay to apostrophise those horrid days - that tyrannical epoch, whose memories still live in every hamlet - by every streamlet and river - by every mountain or morass - in every town and city, wherever the innocent blood of an oppressed people was shed . . .." However some memories of 1798 do seem to have been forgotten or are buried in time but not always in the 25 years or so after the rebellion.

Retribution - 1799

In Samuel W. Handy’s letter in May 1799 giving the main leaders of the rebellion he mentions that John Murry who was described as one of the leaders was then back in Kilbeggan and to quote Handy "He and all the Principals are suffered to come and remain at home peaceably and quietly to the very great terror of all his majesties Loyal Subjects". He mentions the possibility of another rising and that several possible places were mentioned including Kilbeggan, Tyrellspass, and Clara. He writes that "The first and last of these towns are disaffected to our Government and Constitution (save a very few)." Whether there was a genuine fear or threat to Protestants is not clear. It maybe that Handy was exaggerating the situation in order to get more troops. He suggests that "a party of Army" be kept all summer in these towns and adds " For if they are left depending on a few yeomen and Loyalists particularly in Kilbeggan there is a great danger that the rebels will become masters." There maybe a hint as to his real intentions in the final section of the letter when he mentions that the Loyalists are ready to do their duty as they did in 1798 "but hoped to be treated as yeomen, to be put on permanent pay, to have a uniform lest that they should be taken as rebels, treated as such and be sufferers as in a Day of Confusion where it is hard to distinguish people in coloured clothes."

One of the direct effects of the French landing in the west in 1798 was the reinforcement of temporary barracks in the midlands such ass Birr, Banagher, and Portumna and in October 2,000 soldiers were in Athlone. The purpose of this was to stop any French landing and control the local population in Westmeath and Longford arising out of the various rebellions like Kilbeggan, Wilson’s Hospital etc. The fears of a landing continued and in 1810-11 plans were drawn up by Napoleon to send around 30,000 men to Ireland. This led to the setting up of further temporary and permanent barracks in the midlands to assist in a defence line along the Shannon and to be quickly deployed if there was a landing in the west.

In 1811 Kilbeggan had a Temporary Cavalry force of 154 Privates and 117 horses and an infantry force of 12 officers and 400 privates. This was mainly strategic but the Government would also have been conscious of the fact that Kilbeggan was a troublesome area and after 1798 was a likely danger spot. There was a smaller force overall in Mullingar with an infantry force of 8 officers and 562 privates and there was also a force of 8 officers and 360 privates in Moate. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 there was less need for temporary barracks and many were dismantled.

1803

The abortive rebellion of Robert Emmet in 1803 had little effect on the country in general and is best remembered because of his speech from the dock and the unfortunate murder of the Chief Justice of the King’s Bench in Ireland, Lord Kilwarden and his nephew the Reverend Richard Wolfe on 23rd July 1803. Emmet himself was horrified at the murder. According to an article in the Church of Ireland Monthly magazine written some years ago the Rev. Wolfe was said to be Rector of Kilbeggan but he was only 24 years old and there is no confirmation from the records that he was the rector at that time.

It seems that some Kilbeggan men may have been involved in the events in Dublin at that time. On 20th February 1804 a petition was presented to Alex Marsden by Charles Manner a Conservator in relation to three Kilbeggan men - Matthew Burke, Michael and John Dogherty.

"The humble petition of the above states that they stayed in lodgings on the night of 23rd July (the night before the rebellion) in the House of Peter C --- one of the watchmen in St Nicholas Parish. . . . who was on lawful duty in New Street under the direction of Mr --- , one of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace.

That your petitioners were in lodgings aforesaid before the hour of nine o’clock on the said 23rd July and did before the said hour go to their beds, neither they nor any of them did depart till about the hour of --- on the following morning when they were taken prisoner from their beds and sent to the Provost by the military.

That your petitioner have procured from respectable gentlemen in the town where your Petitioners resided from their infancy and recommendations hereto annexed as I would perhaps to hope your honor will order them to be taken from their present confinement where they are in a wretched situation without the means of supper.

Your Petitioner...with consideration"

The "reputable gentlemen" referred to in the petition were from both sides of the religious divide and they had sent two endorsements of the men involved.

"We the Magistrates. Freemen, and Principal inhabitants of the Corporation of Kilbeggan in the county of Westmeath do certify we know Matthew Burke late an inhabitant of the town of Kilbeggan but now at Prison on board one of His Majesty’s tenders in the Harbour of Dublin, to be an honest, sober, industrious and well affected man. Given under our hands at Kilbeggan on 6th February 1804

William Fleetwood, Provost of Kilbeggan, Edward Faulkner, Church Warden, William Marshall, Minister, Willian Codd, George Codd, Thomas Faulkner, Thomas Berry, Thomas Dunn P.P. and Art Judge."

With regard to the Dogherty’s they submitted the following:

"We whose names are hereto inscribed do certify that we have known Mick and John Dogherty for a number of years back during which time they always behaved themselves as faithful and loyal subjects and that Mick Dogherty served on His Majesty’s service for several years until he was discharged on account of his sight as will appear from his discharge and we understand they went up to Dublin in June last for the purpose of working as labourers"

The same signatures as above plus Henry Briscoe and William Gamble.

It is not clear if the petition from both Protestants and Catholics worked but certainly it would have helped their case.

Kilbeggan was quiet during the 1803 "rebellion" although on 9th August 1803 George Clibborn wrote from Moate to Major Sirr that John Warnford Armstrong of Ballycumber had told him that Arthur O’Connor one of the leaders of the United Irishmen had been seen near Kilbeggan the previous Saturday by Charles Clerk (Captain Clerk) and that O’Connor was in the company of Connell, a blacksmith. Whether it was true or not it certainly had little impact on the area.

Reasons for Kilbeggan Rebellion

When looking for reasons why the rebellion took place in Kilbeggan rather than somewhere else in Westmeath it would seem that the only real factor that distinguished the town was John McManus. He was the Commander of the United Irishmen in the region constantly in contact with headquarters in Dublin. Even in our limited knowledge of him he was certainly dynamic in his optimism of what he could do. He may not have been able the troops stated in his May letter but it is easy to believe that in the heady excitement of the Summer of 1798 many young men would have been inspired by his belief and optimism. The time-scale of his arrest and the outbreak of the rebellion cannot be mere coincidence.

It was just over three weeks since many of the leaders were arrested and the rebellion broke out in Kildare and Meath. Events were moving at a rapid rate and the executions in Ballycumber just a few days before must have convinced the leaders to make a show of strength and perhaps there was a fear that they would all be arrested themselves or that McManus and Carey might talk (It is not very clear as to what Carey knew). The fair was an ideal place to gather a force as people came from all over the midlands to Kilbeggan’s markets and fairs.

One other factor which may not have been too clear in 1798 but became much more obvious in the 19th century was the strong agrarian opposition in Westmeath and especially in the Kilbeggan area. There was no obvious reason why the Kilbeggan area would be any worse than other parts of Westmeath and in fact the Defenders seemed to to be more active in other parts of the county. However a brief look at the 19th century shows a strong level of opposition in the Kilbeggan area to the landlords and authorities. It was so strong a tradition that it is difficult not to believe in retrospect that it was not a factor.

Land Agitation in Kilbeggan in 19th Century

Between 1800 and the Famine various local secret societies flowered sometimes called Ribbonmen but in the early part of the 19th century were more often called "Carders" (they drew a board from which nails projected over the face and chest of their victims causing disfiguration and sometimes death) and "Threshers" (often noted for cutting off the ears of their victims). It was cruel but must be seen in the context of its time. The Governments laissez-faire policy of non-interference in the market place left all the power with the landlords and with a move to more pasture land, evictions, high rents etc. became the order of the day for the cottier and many others. With no legal redress secret societies like the Ribbonmen were always likely to be prevalent. In the dead of night they acted in a violent manner against tithe farmers, process servers etc., sometimes for the general good but more often for personal and specific reasons. The object of agrarian violence was mainly defensive and conservative in intent. Westmeath was continually one of the worst areas and the gruesome murder of a farmer and his wife called Connell near Athlone in 1813 was cited 20 years later by Sir Robert Peel in the House of Commons.

In 1813 a letter from Thomas King of Kilbeggan gave an account of attacks on a number of houses in the area. It was so serious that Gustavus Rochfort proposed in November 1813 a plan to search for arms in Westmeath, Offaly and parts of Longford - all on the same day! Horseleap was considered a depot for arms at that time. A special meeting was held in Clara about the "Carders" and some like Rochfort believed there was a plan to join with Kildare and Meath.

In 1814 Durrow & Horseleap were two of the worst areas and William Marshall, Minister, Kilbeggan wrote about attacks on Protestants and seven yeomen in the area were disarmed in different attacks (Charles & Henry Droughten, John & Adam Brennan all of Newtown, Henry Slater, John Tomison, and Mick Lusk) and one family the Handibos of Rahugh fought off their attackers. It was so bad that a decision was made by Captains Rochfort and Daniell to take up all arms from the yeomen.A Proclamation was issued by the Lord Lieutenant and Council in the Baronies of Clonlonan & Moycashel that there be a curfew from 29th November 1815. One Mullingar judge said all the trouble in Westmeath was being "Vomited from the Dublin crater" inferring a central Ribbon organisation in Dublin. Even six years later it was believed that Kilbeggan was linked with Dublin and a letter to Lord Sidmouth in Britain on 2nd January 1821 stated that there was much swearing in Westmeath and that Kilbeggan was the centre of activity.

The situation was so serious in the Durrow, Kilbeggan, and Castletown area in 1819 that a meeting of the Burghers and Freemen and inhabitants of Kilbeggan was held on 25th December regarding the "Carder" disturbances. It was resolved that Bernard Maguire, Provost, Mr Cuffe, Treasurer, and Captains Barnett and Belton (of 1798 fame) be appointed officers to set up an Association to suppress the disturbances in the county. Over 100 signatures were obtained. A letter issued to the landlord Gustavus Lambert, Dublin seeking permission to set up the Association.

Kilbeggan continued to be a problem area and in April 1822 an extraordinary session was held in the town by Kilbeggan magistrates to place the Barony of Moycashel under the Insurrection Act owing to the many outrages committed. These outrages included the murder of Thomas Knox a member of the police force and hopes were expressed in Kilbeggan "That many would be sent to New Zealand."

In January 1823 D.O’Donoghue, Chief Magistrate of the Police wrote to William Gregory at the Castle.

Sir "With respect to the present state of the district under my supervision, I have the honor to report that generally speaking it is quiet with the exception of the district of Kilbeggan where an atrocious assassinating spirit always had prevailed and continues still to show itself wherever any opportunity affords. Several instances of this nature have recently occurred especially in the barbarous assault of a Steward belonging to Mr Handy of Braccagh Castle, although the exertions of the police have been increased with a view to checking these disorders. I shall direct additional patrols to be on duty during the remainder of the Winter......Your obedient servant etc."

The fear of another rebellion like 1798 was so great that even when the area was peaceful it was taken as an ominous sigh as shown in another letter from O’Donoghue to Gregory dated 7th July 1823. He indicated that tranquillity had been restored in the area but added "This unusual state of quiet alarms the minds of some loyal men who recalled that a similar calm took place immediately previous to the 1798 rebellion. Although the lower classes have for some time past been a good deal agitated by rumours industriously circulated seemingly with a mischievious intention. I do not apprehend that any attempt at insurrection will be made hereabouts provided the capital be kept tranquill"

Much of the violence related to local disputes concerning rent, land and employment. Competition for land amongst small holders was fierce causing high rent and subsequent defaulting. In October 1824 Samuel Robinson was murdered and other years like 1832 were also bad. The Robinson case mentioned elsewhere best illustrates the influence of events in 1798 on the memory of the people. In the investigation into his murder T.D.Martin, Chief Constable said "This man was obnoxious to the people since 1798 having apprehended a Catholic Clergyman engaged in the late disturbance, which his late occupation was not calculated to obliterate. His brothers and friends are Protestants and very respectable as farmers in Westmeath only 3 miles from Condronstown." An anonymous letter to the police from someone claiming to have overheard the murderers, stated that a group of men saw Robinson coming and one of them said "Here is Sam that hung a priest."

The influence of Daniel O’Connell through the Catholic Association was a major factor in the success of Hugh Morgan Tuite of Sonna in the election of 1826 when he ousted the Protestant nominee Robert Smyth of Drumcree. This brought a major kick-back as Protestant landowners like Hayes W. Battersby of Ballard, Lord Castlemaine and other landlords in the area seized cattle for rent in " a spirit of revenge " for the part played by the people. Fr Cantwell P.P. and future Bishop of Meath gave £50 to aid people who had their cattle seized.

Land related crime continued through the 1830s and the police recorded 55 incidents of violence in Westmeath in 1834 and in 1836 there were 50 cases of intimidation involving the occupation of land in the county. In spite of the Famine Kilbeggan was relatively quiet until the early 1850s when for a period of around 20 years it exploded with violence.

Ribbonmen in Kilbeggan

Between the 1850s and 1870s there were 40 murders in Westmeath and in the Kilbeggan area this included Thomas Farrell in January 1853; Edward Kelly in February 1858; Thomas Jessop in April 1859; Francis Dowling, Ballinagore in November 1870 etc. and all were land related and said to be organised by members of the Ribbonmen or secret societies. In 1870 alone there were 6 shootings, 12 intimidations, 41 threatening letters, one serious assault, and 9 injuries to property in Kilbeggan. It was so bad following the murder of Jessop in 1859 that a police force of 25 men were quartered on the town and a levy of 12 shillings in the pound on the rating was put on the town in order to pay for them. This caused considerable trouble between the town dwellers and those outside the town who did not have to pay. In 1859 the Kilbeggan Constabulary lodged in the military store in Athlone 200lbs of gunpowder, 160 lbs. of shot, 24 boxes of percussion caps, 14 powder flasks, and 28 stand of arms.

The situation was so bad in Westmeath that by 1870 a special commission was set up in 1871 called "The Select Committee in Westmeath (Unlawful Combinations)." Evidence was taken from the clergy, landlords, magistrates and police force. However such an enquiry was unlikely to look at the land system as the heart of the problem. George Boyd Rochfort of Middleton Park was one of the witnesses and spoke of "all rights of property and employers have gone." This from someone who evicted 186 people in 1860 just to enlarge his estate. Very few people were ever convicted of any of the crimes in the Kilbeggan area. The Catholic Church condemned the criminal activities but they continued until the formation of the Land League. It would be wrong to ascribe pure motives to the so called Ribbonmen as selfishness, self-interest, and crime played a major role in their activities. While this type of violence declined in the area there was much in the way of land agitation and great courage shown by many during the Land League era especially in townslands like Cloneyheigue and Donore, Horseleap (which even got a mention in the English House of Commons in 1913).

While it is dangerous to apply motives for events in the Kilbeggan area in the 19th century to a single event in 1798, there is the point that on a least two occasions in the 19th century Kilbeggan was considered by the authorities as one of the worst areas for Ribbonism in the country i.e. 1821 and the period from 1852-72. There was always an undercurrent of violence and agrarian agitation in the area and it seems probable that this was also the case in 1798. While many of the men who gathered in Kilbeggan are anonymous in the mist of time it is clear that they would have been of either a rural background or lower trading classes of the time. They would have had the same grievances as many other areas against the land lords regarding rent etc. and against the authorities for some of their policies on trade which cost jobs. All it needed was the spark of someone like John McManus to ignite them into rebellion. The action of the men in Kilbeggan achieved very little and arguably it made things worse as the authorities watched the area more closely for many years afterwards. However the area continued to remain disaffected from the early to the late 19th century including attacks on some of the men and families who were on the side of the Government in 1798 and continued to be representative of the Protestant ruling class. Perhaps this was the greatest affect of the events in Kilbeggan in June 1798. The murder of many innocent people in the immediate aftermath was significant enough to leave the seeds of disaffection and resentment to root and grow into acts of violence which even in the 1820s still involved individuals and families who participated on both sides in events in 1798.

Although Tyrrellspass is in Westmeath, there are more reasons than one to justify the Editor in doing what he can here to remove from oblivion the cause which brought about its present name. Its being only three or four miles from the King's County supplies us with one inducement; while another yet more powerful is the prominent part taken by a leader of the O'Conor Sept referred to in divers other pages. The authentic record appears to be this :-
It seems that when Hugh O'Neill, who had been for the two previous years up against the English, heard that their forces, in 1597, were preparing to advance into Ulster under Lord Deputy Borrough, he detached Captain Tyrrell with 400 men to act in Leinster, so as by thus engaging the forces of the Pale to cause a diversion and prevent the English forces of those districts from joining Borrough or Sir Conyers Clifford.

The Anglo-Irish of Meath assembled at Mullingar, to the number of 1,000, under Baron Trimlestown, intending to join the Deputy. Tyrrell was encamped with his small body, in Fartullagh, and was joined in command by young O'Conor Faily. The Baron having learned where Tyrrell was posted, formed the idea of taking him by surprise, and for that purpose despatched his son, young Barnwall, with the assembled soldiers. Tyrrell, whose "Intelligence Department" seems to have been awake, obtaining information of this, put himself on the defensive, and then making a feint of flying, drew them into a defile covered with trees, and having detached half of his men under O'Conor, the latter posted them in an ambush in a hollow near the road. As the Anglo-Irish were passing, O'Conor sallied out, and with drums and fifes played Tyrrell's March, which was the signal for attack. Tyrrell then rushed on them in front, and the English being thus hemmed in, were cut to pieces, the carnage being so great that out of their entire force only one soldier escaped. The escaped soldier fled through a marsh and curried the news to Mullingar. O'Conor displayed amazing valour, and being a warrior of great strength and activity, he hewed down the enemy, while Tyrrell, at the head of his men, repeatedly rushed into the thick of the battle. A curious circumstance is mentioned by the historians, that, from the heat and excessive action of his swordarm, the hand of O'Conor became so swelled that it could not be extricated from the guard of his sword until the handle was cut through with a file. Captain Tyrrell afterwards proceeded against Lord Deputy Mountjoy, who was ravaging Westmeath, in 1601, and for this purpose he entered the English part of Offaley and effected "Great preys, slaughters, taking of towns and of people, of plunder and of booty." He then joined O'Neill and O'Donnell in time for the battle of Kinsale. In the retreat of the Ulstermen after this battle, they passed through the King's County. Ever since the exploit of Tyrrell and his superior generalship at the defile covered with trees, the place has been called Tyrrellspass.

As schoolboys in the '30's we had not seen Athens, in fact, few of us had seen Dunamase in our native Laois. As I drive down the main Cork road through Monasterevin and cross the Barrow bridge into my native county, soon after the village of Ballybrittas, a sweet little line of limestone hills rises on the left like the background of an Umbrian landscape. Among them is the strong Acropolis Rock of Dunamase, crowned with its shattered castle, and I begin to think the man had a point.

From this side it has a strange ghost resemblance to the Acropolis. From the Stradbally side with its drum tower gates, jagged walls and ruined keep massing above in tier upon tier, it looks more like an Italian hill town.

The story of Dunamase is that rich composite of people and events which is the story of Laois. The Celts had a hill fort on it as they had on the neighbouring bosky hills of Clopook and Luggacurren. Ptolemy marked it on his map as Dunum. Dermot MacMurrough possessed it at the time of the Norman invasion and through him it passed to his son-in-law, Strongbow and so on in his family to William Marshall Earl of Pembroke who built the first proper castle. In turn, it went to William de Braos, ancestor to the Scottish Bruces. A series of royal favourites owned it afterwards: Roger de Mortimer, the Fitzgeralds, Theobald de Verdun and Fulke de Freine, all alternating ownership in the fortunes of war with the local Irish chieftains, the O'Mores.

The last occupier was Sir John Parnell, speaker of the Irish Parliament and an ancestor of Charles Stewart Parnell.

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As the alternating lordship of Dunamase tells the story of Laois, the view from its ramparts reveals the face of the county. From the main road and especially from the railway, Laois looks flat with a high proportion of barren bog. From this height you can see that it is a plain almost surrounded by hills. Across the plain on the north and west are level blue ridges of the Slieve Bloom Mountains where the River Barrow rises. At one's back on the east and sourthern corner is the high plateau of Slieve Margy, part of the Leinster coal ridge. The plain in between, far from being bog is champagne land with wheatfields and beet-fields and hayfields and lots of trees in woody clusters in between and in lines along the roads.

To the speeding motorist it does not look like holiday country. Laois people are workaday people, farming and logging and mining and turf-cutting; in their matter-of-fact towns making butter and textiles, wood-working and metal forging. But their long and varied history as well as their remarkable mix of landscape, provides many places of interest for the day outing and for the week-end traveller. On the banks of the Barrow on the eastern border and on the slopes of Slieve Margy hills above it, iron age ringforts mix with early Celtic church sites and medieval tower houses. At Sletty, just across from Carlow, Fiacc the poet built his monastery to St. Patrick's specifications and became the first bishop of Leinster. There is a cross slab there to prove it. On the hill slope above at Killeshin, also in Laois, Dermot MacMurrough provided the romanesque church with a fine sculptured and pedimented west doorway. At Timahoe on the eastern slope is one of Ireland's finest round towers with a richly decorated doorway.

-ooOoo-

THE colonists of the last thousand years also left enduring monuments. As well as Dunamase the Normans left a strong castle at Lea on the Barrow, a few miles east of Portarlington and a variety of tower houses dotted over the plain. Though many of them were built by Irish families such as the MacGiolla Phadraighs (Fitzpatricks), the O'Mores, O'Dunnes and O'Phelans, who mixed and married with them.

Laois owes its 'home counties' aspect to the fact that it and its neighbour, Offaly, were planted in the mid-sixteenth century in the time of Philip and Mary. The few tangible remains of that settlement include some fort wells in Portlaoise and the town's old name-Maryborough (before that it was Fort Protector). After the war years of religion in the seventeenth century, Laois got its demesnes and great houses and fine Georgian towns like Durrow, Abbeyleix, Rathdowney, Ballinakill, Mountmellick and Portarlington.

I am keeping the best holiday news until last. On the west side of Laois, along the Slieve Bloom range, is one of the best week-end or even daytrip holiday area, in Ireland. It is finely signposted from Mountrath or Rosenallis and has well metalled roads running up and over the mountain range.

You can picnic or follow the nature trail at Glenmonicknew, you can drive over the mountain by the Cut, and from Rosenallis drive up Glenbarrow and after that walk along the stream bed of the infant Barrow up to the lovely Clamphole Falls. As a final bonne bouche you can drive up deeply impressive Glendine. From the car park at the top, one hour's, not over energetic walking, will bring you to the summit of Arderin, the highest point of the Slieve Blooms.

At 1734 feet, you will enjoy the best view in midland Ireland. Mirror-like, you now look across the plain again to Dunamase and Slieve Margy and pick up again the wonderfully level landscape of demesne and wood and field.

Turn your back and you are looking into Birr and down the Devil's Bit hills to where they join the Slieve Feilims at the Shannon. North you are looking across Offaly to stacks of the power plants and the cooling towers. All the heart of Ireland, with mixed traditions is yours from this height in Laois.